John C. Scott s Comparative Politics Essay - 1827 Words

The Oxford Dictionary defines politics as the activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the debate between parties having power. Comparative politics is the interdisciplinary study of how power is organized across time and space. It connects the operation of power across multiple time and spatial scales and identifies the similarities and differences of how power operates across space and time. A key word in these definitions is power and I believe power is a major factor in both of the approaches to comparative politics this paper will cover. Power as defined by the Oxford Dictionary is the ability or capacity to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events. The Eurocentric approach to the study of comparative politics which Robert Marks attempts to contest in his book The Origins of the Modern World is one that favors European nations as the central powers in the formation of modern world as we know it today. On the other hand, James C. Scott’s approach to the study of comparative politics is state centric and it focuses more on the development of the state as the central and dominant aspect of society today. Eurocentric views see Europe as being the only active shaper of world history, its â€Å"fountainhead† if you will. Europe acts; the rest of the world responds. The rest of world in this sense has no history until it is brought into contact with Europe as Europe is the center of it all. Some critics believe thatShow MoreRelatedManga and Anime947 Words   |  4 Pagesgraphic novels, typically aimed at adults and children. Anime is defined as; a style of Japanese film and television animation, typically aimed at adults and children, by Oxford Dictionaries. Manga and anime have been around since the early 1900s and over the last forty-eight years anime has been a part of American television. Anime has been altered to fit the American ideal of a cartoon. Oxford Dictionaries defines a cartoon as; a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorouslyRead MoreWomen s Right Movement And Feminism2394 Words   |  10 Pageshowever there has always been a fight for equality. Feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†, the belief, attitude and action that work toward women’s rights and the equality between men and women. Dorothy Smith (born July 6, 1926), a Canadian sociologist with research interests, besides in sociology, in many disciplines including women s studies, psychology, and educational studies, coined this term when she studied the patternsRead MoreHuman Resource Management: Convergence and Divergence Dabate in Europe4215 Word s   |  17 Pagescontext in which they are embedded, and the differences between countries and their political, social and legal institutions create difference in their strategies. They are also, therefore, more likely to show difference in their HRM, differences in politics, employment, legislation, education, labour markets and trade unionism have a direct effect on HRM within employing organisations.For completeness, that within any one of these countries, there will be a diverse range of HRM model and practicesRead MoreDefination of Globalisation12291 Words   |  50 Pageseconomic, social, or political. The definitions presented here reflect some of those viewpoints. It is also vital that these definitions be presented against the reality of the global situation, as Vidya S. A. Kumar rightly points out in his article â€Å"A Critical Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the 21st Century?†. It is, however, beyond the scope of this paper to assess the extent to wh ich each of the statements captures reality. Rather, we look at issues surrounding the difficulties of definingRead MoreTest 1 Question Bank8509 Words   |  35 Pagesin buying the car. At this point, which is true? Cindy can revoke the offer on Wednesday. 8. Which of the following can be considered â€Å"consideration† in a contract? a. A promise to perform a service in the future. b. Payment of cash. c. Actual performance of a service. d. Any of the above. 9. A promise to deliver merchandise in the future: Is consideration because it involves a new legal duty. 10. A promise to make a gift: Is not enforceable. 11. FriedaRead MoreMarketing Literature Review11908 Words   |  48 Pages2.4 Physical Distribution 2.5 Pricing 2.6 Product 2.7 Sales Promotion 2.8 Advertising 2.9 Personal Selling 2.10 Sales Management 3. SPECIAL MARKETING APPLICATIONS 3.1 Industrial 3.2 Nonprofit, Political, and Social Causes 3.3 International and Comparative 3.4 Services 4. MARKETING RESEARCH 4.1 Theory and Philosophy of Science 4.2 Research Methodology 5. 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His main findings relate to how â€Å"politics in markets work during various stages of market development-formation, stability and transformation† (Fligstein 1996:656). As result we move away from the traditional institutional sociology of the early so cial scientists such as Selznick (1946) and later, DiMaggio and Powell (1991), and Scott (1995), and moves toward economic institutionalism. The main point however, is that we adapt an understandingRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 PagesHandbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.  ©2004 by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission providedRead MoreRolls Royce Erp Implementation Essays9840 Words   |  40 PagesAmerican Economic Association Incentives in Organizations Author(s): Robert Gibbons Source: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Autumn, 1998), pp. 115-132 Published by: American Economic Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2646897 Accessed: 26/03/2009 10:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides

Essay on racism and prejudice - 1512 Words

Racism and prejudice has been present in almost every civilization and society throughout history. Even though the world has progressed greatly in the last couple of decades, both socially and technologically, racism, hatred and prejudice still exists today, deeply embedded in old-fashioned, narrow-minded traditions and values. Racism is a case of ‘misplaced hate’ and ignorance, being not only discriminatory, but also seemingly foolish with disregard of all human commonsense. Why does racism still exist in today’s world? If it still occurs, has the world really progressed at all? Through extensive research methods and wide reading, it can be proven that racism is still present in the modern world. Racism is based on the belief that†¦show more content†¦As Griffin lives as a Negro he strives to find the ‘immortality’ in the black race, but finds more fault in the narrow-minded whites. The novel is an exceptional and creative story that captures the true reality of ‘being in someone else’s shoes.’ â€Å"Black Like Me† supports the hypothesis as it clearly displays how ignorance is deeply embedded in traditional values. Two other novels which contain the theme of racism are â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird†, by Harper Lee and â€Å"Looking For Alibrandi†, by Maria Marchetta. While both novels support the hypothesis, they differ greatly in their style and technique. â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† is set in the Great Depression, and is about a black man who is accused of raping a white girl in the South. An unfair trial and false accusations follow, merely on the basis that he is black. This stereotypical view is presented throughout the famous book, which accurately displays the reluctance of society to become less narrow-minded and traditional. In contrast, â€Å"Looking For Alibrandi† is set in the 1990s, with the main character and narrator of the book being seventeen-year-old high school student Josephine Alibrandi. The novel is set in Australia, and takes a modern approach to racism, being another one of life’s’ many hurdles that many teenagers experience. â€Å"Educating the Ignorant†, written by James Lewis (see Appendix 1), is a lighthearted yet intelligently written short story. It is written in modern times,Show MoreRelatedPrejudice, Racism, And Prejudice862 Words   |  4 Pagesown particular race is superior is prevalent. Prejudice is as old as human culture itself. For whatever length of time that individuals have been around, the contention has remained alive; people have constantly despised or dreaded individuals of an alternate country or skin color. It is said that racism or prejudice is simply some portion of human instinct, but we are not born with racism. We learn to discriminate from our societal norms. Prejudice is a specific type of abuse. It originates fromRead MoreRacism And Prejudice And Racism935 Words   |  4 PagesA time I had to stand up for what I believe in, was during summer of 2016, I got into a heated discussion of how profiling someone verbally can lead to racism. That day I and my African American friend went to the convenience store. One of the customers shouted to the cashier in a disrespectful manner â€Å"oh look a thug and a cartel leader, make sure they pay bossman† and I quickly questioned him â€Å" sir you don t know our history.† He quickly interrupted me by saying â€Å"yes I do, your buddies parent sRead MoreRacism : Racism And Prejudice1339 Words   |  6 PagesRacism to Prejudice Racism plays a substantial part in our nations history; from slavery in the seventeenth century through the nineteenth century, to segregation in the early 1900s. The extreme racism of those days are long gone, and continue to just be a memory of the past. Although, prejudice still exists and it always will, because our brains are hardwired to prefer one race to another. That being said; a white person that grows up in an all white neighborhood who also attends an all-white schoolRead MoreRacism : Racism And Prejudice2163 Words   |  9 PagesRacism and prejudice in Australian sport is racism in sport an issue in Australia? After all, Australians of various colour, race and ethnic origin united as one to cheer home Cathy Freeman to gold in the final of the Sydney Olympic Games 400 metres. And in June 2006, an estimated 6.7 million Australians got up between one and three in the morning to watch Australia play Italy in the second round of the FIFA World Cup.1 That translates as one in three men, women and children in the country watchingRead MoreRacism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageslearned about many things, one in particular would be Racism. We have learned about many different types of racism along with examples of racism. Before I go into specific examples of racism that I have learn about in this class, I will first define and explain the differences between racism, prejudice or also known as bias, discrimination, race, and racist so there s a clear understanding of why I picked the specific examples. The definition of racism that we learned in class would be an â€Å"InstitutionalizedRead MoreRacism and Prejudice1540 Words   |  7 PagesRacism and prejudice has been present in almost every civilization and society throughout history. Even though the world has progressed greatly in the last couple of decades, both socially and technologically, racism, hatred and prejudice still exists today, deeply embedded in old-fashioned, na rrow-minded traditions and values. Racism is a case of ‘misplaced hate and ignorance, being not only discriminatory, but also seemingly foolish with disregard of all human commonsense. Why does racismRead MorePrejudice Essay : Prejudice And Racism862 Words   |  4 PagesAldon Shelton Ms. Mosley English III Due October 19, 2017 Prejudice and Racism in America The difference between racism and being prejudice is nothing. They’re the exact same thing. Both affect different minorities in America based on stereotypes. Stereotypes aren’t the only thing. Not everyone gets to live the American Dream because of their race beliefs. People struggle feeding their families at the end of the day because they couldn’t get a better job because of their skin tone. Others can’tRead MoreSexism And Racism : Racism And Prejudice Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesSexism vs Racism Discrimination and prejudice have both been a major problem in our society since the idea of gender and race contacted our brains. Everyone hopes that humankind will change and treat everyone equally and fairly, but this still has yet to happen. Mankind is still treating people as minorities without a second thought. Women are still stereotyped as being too feminine for a â€Å"man’s job†, such as construction or military forces. As well as, men being considered to manly to be ableRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, And Stereotyping850 Words   |  4 PagesRacism, prejudice, and stereotyping are major issues in America. Racism is defined as â€Å"a set of beliefs that one’s own racial group is superior to other groups (Benokraitis, 2014, p. 185). The existence of racism comes hand to hand with hate groups. Hate groups are an organized group of individuals who demonstrates hatred against people of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientati on or any other designated sector of society. One particular hate group that I would like toRead MoreEssay Racism and Prejudice1194 Words   |  5 Pages Racism and prejudice against African Americans in the United States can be found many years before the institution of slavery was legally defined in any state or federal law. Historical documents reveal that almost a half a century before slavery delineated by law, racism against colored people was apparent. Although some modern historians may argue that racism was a result of the clear-cut slavery codes, according to author Carl N. Degler, â€Å"if one examines the early history of slavery in

Mental Health Service Delivery and Philosophy System

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Service Delivery and Philosophy System. Answer: Introduction: According to the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry(2015), the pre- deinstitutionalization and the introduction of the recovery framework in Australia have changed the mental health service delivery and philosophy. Deinstitutionalization is considered as a way to counter the effects of the former system which was institutionalization. It involves downsizing large psychiatric hospitals and shifting to alternative services in the community that ensure the interaction of the patients, their families, and their support systems. The recovery framework focuses more on ensuring the recovery of the patient and not just rehabilitating them. The paper seeks to address some of the effects that deinstitutionalization and the introduction of recovery framework have on the health of people with mental illness and on the consumer experience. Prior to deinstitutionalization, asylums were mainly used to treat and care for patients who had severe mental illness. These asylums were institutionalized settings whereby the patients were closed from the rest of society and had very limited access to the outside world. The patients engaged in scheduled activities that were closely monitored by the caretakers in these institutions. Their activities were organized in a series that was enforced by the officials and their lives were completely controlled by the institutional role. Therefore, with the use of asylums, patients with mental illness can receive treatment to enable them to live a better life (Allott, Loganathan Fulford, 2012). The recovery framework provides an important policy direction on the way to enhance mental health services delivery in Australia. The framework encompasses a range of approaches that guide those employed in the mental health service system towards a recovery-oriented practice and service delivery. It provides guidance on ensuring the recovery-oriented approaches are tailored towards responding to the diverse mental illness the patients have. The system provides services that ensure psychiatric treatment and recovery support for those with mental illness, their families, and their support networks. The recovery framework has received support from people who have lived with mental illness, their families, friends, and the non-governmental community health sector (Davies, Maggs Lewis, 2013). This support has facilitated the implementation of the framework in the Australian mental health services. The policies that have been put in place by the government ensure that priority is given t o the implementation of the framework. In this case, the government should formulate policies that will help mentally ill patients receive treatment in health services (Warburton, Baker, Kendall Crompton, 2016). Deinstitutionalization and introduction of the recovery framework have impacts on the health of people with mental illness and on the consumer experience. First, this provides the patient with a social role since they are able to interact with their friends and families within their communities. These patients no longer need to be confined in psychiatric hospitals since they can be given drugs or undergo therapy while they continue having the freedom of a normal social life. This freedom facilitates their recovery since they have a support system that ensures their recovery. Secondly; deinstitutionalization also prevents the patient from feeling stigmatized because of their mental illness. This system gives the patient an opportunity to interact with others within their community in a normal way that does not make them feel like they are so different from the other individuals in society. This also facilitates the recovery of the patients while reducing the possibility of them developing more mental health problems. Institutionalized patients have a tendency to develop institutional syndrome which makes these patients deficient in social and life skills. individuals who are institutionalized are more likely to develop more mental health problems. Deinstitutionalization and the recovery framework facilitate the recovery of an individual in a supportive environment that involves family, friends, and the community who have a huge role to play in an individuals recovery (Kliewer, Melissa Trippany, 2015). The recovery framework ensures that the patient is not only rehabilitated but also taken through medical processes that facilitate their recovery. Therefore, the recovery framework to be given to these patients should focus on stabilizing their condition in order tom live a healthy productive life. Despite the positive effects deinstitutionalization has had on mental health patients and their families, there are also some shortcomings of the same. This has led to some patients being homeless due to limited community-based care. These patients lack the required attention they need as they go about their daily activities since they do not have friends or family members who are willing to be their custodians throughout the day (Sanbrook Harris, 2013). Some of these patients end up homeless because their families may be unwilling to take care of them. This makes them feel unwanted and unappreciated hence they end leaving their homes and ending up in the streets because they also lack the right judgment to properly manage their lives on their own without the social support. Therefore, people with mental illness require support from family to reduce the suffering most of them go through (Ralph, 2013). In terms of consumer experience, deinstitutionalization and the recovery framework has been beneficial to the mental health patients and even to their families and the community. The recovery framework has a clear approach on how to handle the different mental illnesses in unique ways that ensure recovery (McGorry et al. 2015). The patients and their caretakers are given a clear outline on how to handle the specific mental illness and the patients are also able to receive adequate support from their support group since they are not confined and closed off from the social life (Marynowski-Traczyk, 2015). In conclusion, deinstitutionalization and the introduction of recovery framework have a massive effect on the health of people with mental illness and on the consumer experience. In as much as deinstitutionalization has become prominent, it might not be suitable for patients with acute mental illness and the ones who lack support. However, together with the recovery framework, it has greatly improved the services provided to those who are mentally ill. It has given these patients an opportunity to receive treatment as they progress with a normal social life. Reference Australian, Royal. "Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders."Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry39.1-2 (2015): 1-30. Allott, P., Loganathan, L., Fulford, K. W. M. (2012). Discovering hope for recovery.Australian Journal of Community Mental Health,21(2), 13-33. Chester, P., Ehrlich, C., Warburton, L., Baker, D., Kendall, E., Crompton, D. (2016). What is the work of Recovery Oriented Practice? A systematic literature review.Australian journal of mental health nursing,25(4), 270-285. Cameron, H., Athurson, K. Dr Helen Cameron, Dr Kathryn Arthurson, and Penny Worland, Housing Mental Health-Best Practices in Australia?. Davies, J., Maggs, R. G., Lewis, R. (2013). The development of a UK low secure service: philosophy, training, supervision and evaluation.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Forensic Mental Health,9(4), 334-342. Kliewer, S. P., Melissa, M., Trippany, R. L. (2015). Deinstitutionalization: Its Impact on Community Mental Health Centers and the Seriously Mentally Ill.South Wales Counseling Association Journal,35(1), 40-45. Ralph, R. O. (2013). Review of recovery literature.A synthesis of a sample of the recovery literature. Prepared for the National Technical Assistance Center for State Mental Health Planning and the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. Australia, VA. Marynowski-Traczyk, D. T. (2015). Emergency Department Registered Nurses conceptions of recovery for mental health consumers: a phenomenographic study. McGorry, P., Killackey, E., Lambert, T., Lambert, M., Jackson, H., Codyre, D. (2015). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,39(1-2), 1-30. Sanbrook, M., Harris, A. (2013). Origins of early intervention in first?episode psychosis.Austrian Psychiatry,11(2), 215-219.

Paper Products Corporation Essays - Marketing, Office Equipment

Paper Products Corporation Mary Miller is the marketing manager for Paper Products Corporation and she has to decide whether she should allow her largest customer to buy some of Paper Products' file folders and market them under their own name (Natcom Inc.) rather than the FILEX brand used by Paper Products. Mary is afraid that if she doesn't accept the offer, the customer will find another file folder producer. Mary really only has two options; accept the offer from Natcom or refuse the offer from Natcom. There is a certain degree of risk involved with either option and she needs to decide which option is the safest for Paper Products Corporation. If Paper Products refuses the offer they are putting themselves in a position to possibly lose 30 percent of their business, approximately 12 million dollars per year. Even if Natcom continued purchasing their other supplies from Paper Products, and only quit purchasing file folders, the business would lose approximately 4.2 million dollars per year. If Mary decided to take the offer from Natcom, and allow them to sell Paper Products' file folders with their name, she would be going against company policy and it would not be easy to change this policy. It would be very easy for Paper Products to accommodateNatcom's offer because they have excess capacity. If they turn down the business, Natcom could go to another producer and cut into Paper Products' sales at Natcom stores. Another benefit of this offer is that Paper Products would not have to spend any marketing dollars to acquire this new business. Natcom came to them with this offer and it did not cost Mary Miller, or Paper Products anything. According to the marketing concept, Mary should accept the offer from Natcom. As marketing manager, Mary should identify what the customer needs, and make Paper Products Inc. the best company at satisfying those needs for a profit. In this case the customer is Natcom and they obviously need to market a line of file folders with their name attached. This need should be clear to Mary because her customer has now approached her three times with this request. Mary will need her expert marketing skills when she tries to sell this idea to Bob Butcher, Paper Products president. Mr. Butcher is primarily interested in the development of new products but he will most likely be interested in this proposal since it deals with his companies' biggest customer. There will have to be a policy change for Paper Products Inc. concerning the corporate policy of refusing dealer-branding requests. Paper Products implemented this policy because they wanted the success of their products to depend on the quality rather than just a low price, but only 40 percent of their file folder products are in a specialized line while the other 60 percent are relatively homogeneous shopping products. The success of the homogeneous file folders will be very dependent on the price rather than the quality, therefore this policy depending on quality rather than low price needs to be revised. Mary should also approach Mr. Butcher about using some more of the company's available money for the promotion of their existing brands. Paper Products needs to pull some of their money out of new-product development and attempt to achieve some market penetration. Although 60 percent of the current market does sound appealing, they may be able to grab some of the remaining 40 percent with some good promotions and market penetration.

AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup The WritePass Journal

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup Abstract The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup ) Zimbabwe, in particular, has been worst hit by the HIV epidemic with more than 27% of the adult population diagnosed with HIV in 1997. Currently though, the prevalence rates have reduced significantly to 14% of the adult population (National AIDS Council, 2012). However, this decline is largely attributed to the significant number of deaths of people with HIV. Persistent political turmoil and the resultant economic decline have further contributed to the literal collapse of the Zimbabwean health care system. The failure of the Public health care system has cast the major burden of health care provision to private agencies, NGOs and Home based care has become the indispensible and only feasible model under the prevailing circumstances. Statistics suggest that of the 35,000 children in the country that needed ‘Antiretroviral Therapy’ (ART) only 17,000 have had access to the drugs (UNICEF, 2009). Though the availability of ART has vastly improved from just 15% in 2007 to around 80% by 2010, (National AIDS Council, 2011) there is still a huge unmet demand. Zimbabwean government’s opposing attitude towards NGOs and its accusations about the NGO funds being used for anti governmental activities has further limited the already strained financial aid flowing into the country for AIDS care.   Amidst these tiring circumstances, family based care giving has become the central strategy for the national HIV/AIDS management programs.   This paper attempts to study the impact of HIV/AIDS care delivered in the family based setting and how such care provision affects the care giver.   In particular, this paper strives to highlight the issues such as the psychosocial impact on caregivers and using the caregiver’s views assesses their coping and support mechanisms. Home Based Care A brief outlook into what constitutes home based care is appropriate before we proceed further. The World Health Organization defines home based care as â€Å" a programme that through regular visits, offers health care services to support the care process in the home environment of the person with HIV infection. Home visits may be the only service provided or be part of an integrated programme which offers the patient and his/her family services in the home, hospital and community†. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare,(2004). From the definition it is clear that home based care is considered a holistic care solution that addresses the needs of both the care receiver as well as the care giver. This understanding is crucial for the successful implementation of the home based care delivery model. Literature Review Family based care provision is proving to be the important model in the delivery of care to chronic illnesses such as AIDS. Particularly in Zimbabwe, where decades of political and economic turmoil have weakened the health care system, the role of family based care provision could not be more emphasized. The political friction between the West and the Mugabe government, and the accusations about the political motives of the NGO operations in the country, led to a sharp decline in the active healthcare interventions in the country.   NGO funding to Zimbabwe for its healthcare programmes reached a record low in 2006. During this year, the average aid money for HIV care per person in Zimbabwe was limited to $ 4 which when compared to the average aid money allotted per person in Zambia ($184) is a meager amount (Matimba, 2010). However, since 2008, the aid to Zimbabwe is again on the rise with the USAID and DFID being the two key contributors. The USAID contributed 26.4 million in 2008 while the DFID pledged in 2010 to contribute $40 million over a five year period. Despite this the total aid money that Zimbabwe received for its HIV healthcare operations during this period is just one tenth of the aid money received by neighboring Zambia and one fourth that of the aid amount received by Namibia in the corresponding periods (AVERT, 2012). These statistics project the grim scenario from the financial standpoint in delivering HIV care in Zimbabwe where HIV has assumed endemic proportions. HIV being a chronic condition, patients have to undergo continuous care for a protracted period of time and the hospital setting cannot handle the enormous demand. Statistics suggest that in Zimbabwe roughly 70% of all hospital admissions are connected to HIV care.   Statistics also suggest that even a 5% increase in the number of HIV patients would result in a 25% increased demand for hospital beds. The figures indicate that hospitals, as care provision centers, for a country such as Zimbabwe where there is a swelling HIV population, is a highly unviable model and therefore community and home based care provision assume great significance.   The policy stance of the Zimbabwean government to promote home based care provision could be understood based on these ground realities. The Zimbabwean government has been actively promoting care giver training by employing community nurses as trainers for these family care givers. With funding limitations, even the training and support prov ided by the community nurses to the family care givers has been affected making them vulnerable to the enormous pressure of managing the care provision all by themselves (Matimba, 2010). National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)   The enormity of the HIV problem and the limited nature of the government health care resources forced the home care system of care delivery in Zimbabwe. However, the quality of life of the HIV infected patient depends a lot on quality of the home care givers. In most cases these home based care providers have absolutely no training at all and even lack the knowledge to protect themselves from accidental exposure to HIV infection. To improve the quality of home based care delivery, support services must also be improved. With this in view the government of Zimbabwe set up the ‘National Community Home-Based Care Standards’ in 2004 that included the following important features Care and Support for patients and Family Team Service Provision Governance and Management Training , information and Education Monitoring and evaluation The main objective of establishing the standards for home based care delivery is to change home care from being perceived as a third rate care provision by improving its overall quality. It should be noted that Home care is not just about the patients but also about the care giver. The national standards for Home care therefore lay this stress on providing holistic care support through an established standard. The process involves training, education, monitoring and continuous evaluation.   The National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)  neatly defines its purpose as â€Å"Provision of a support system through the development of strong partnerships with the community, family and patient, home-based caregivers, and the health system, thus assuring patients an acceptable quality of life until death†. (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004). The definition also considers the aspects of support provided for the carer and other family members including   † emotional, spiritual and other psychosocial support, bereavement counseling, and other appropriate assistance that meets their special needs† (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004).   Psychosocial Impact of Caregiving Literature is abound with studies that analyze the impact of care giving for a HIV patient, on the care-giver. Almost all of these studies indicate that care giving results in enormous psycho social impact on the provider. Typically, the family care giver maybe overcome with emotions ranging from , depression, anxiety, fear, anger , helplessness along with the overwhelming financial burden that is involved with HIV care provision. Lindsey et al., (2003) explored the effects of care giving on older and younger women in Botswana who were caring for family members with chronic HIV. The authors of the study identified that older women, in particular, were overwhelmed with the physical and mental demands of care giving. These women had to manage demanding tasks such as caring for the patient with frequent episodes of vomiting, incontinence and confusion. Care giving family women had to do all this along with their household chores and this creates enormous physical hardships not to mentio n the emotional drain. Furthermore, in many cases, care providing women are subjected to economic strains when the productive member of their family is affected by HIV (Lindsey et al., 2003). Another study by Ssengonzi (2007) explored the impact of care giving on Ugandan older women. The results of this study also chimed in with the findings of the previous study with the elderly Ugandan women reporting that care giving left them financially affected due to three main reasons The ill relatives and the consequent loss of family income the negative effect of care giving on the employment opportunities of the care provider Expenses incurred on procuring medicine for the patient under their care The care giving women also expressed social isolation as a result of their inability to participate in the usual social activities (Ssengonzi,2007). One study by Thomas F (2006) that assessed the impact of home based care giving for HIV patients in Namibia again reported that financial constraints due to care giving is a serious problem. This study collected information from both the patient as well as the care giver in the form of solicited diaries. The study found that the inability to provide for family created severe emotional strain for the care giver.   Significantly, the study also reported that the quality of care provision is affected over time when the worsening financial situation in the household coupled with the lack of recovery of the patient lead to escalating tensions and emotional upheavals in the house (Thomas F (2006). One urban study conducted in Kinshasa, the capital of the republic of Congo, involved self reported health and emotional status of 80 spouses and caregivers of HIV infected men in the region. What surprised the researchers was that despite this being an urban study with better hospitals and home care support networks, around 94% of the women caregivers expressed that care-giving was very difficult for them and 99% reported that it affected their social lives. Importantly, 90% of these women care givers stated that they were stigmatized by friends and their husband’s employers. This study clearly highlights that the stigma of AIDS care could further contribute to the emotional strain of HIV care.   As a revealing study on the psychosocial impact of care giving, this research found that 48% of these care providing women were so unhappy with their circumstances that they lost interest in their life and expressed the lack of interest and energy to continue. Furthermore, 94% of t hese women had some form of physical ailment including frequent headaches, fatigue, body pain, lack of appetite, anorexia, etc (Kipp et al., 2006). Studies done elsewhere in the developed countries also reflect similar feelings from the care givers. For instance one earlier study by Flaskerud Tabora (1998) based on low income female care givers in California who provided care for heterosexual and homosexual HIV patients attested to the findings from the African studies. These women expressed the same concerns as the previously listed studies including depression due to poor functional outcome of the patient, loneliness due to uncooperative and unsupportive friends and relatives, etc. Around 59% of the care giving women also reported that their physical health was affected considerably due to the prolonged period of care giving. Worn out by their care-giving duties these women were moody and even expressed their anger at the patients as their irresponsible behavior put them in this place. Last but not the least, the women subjects of this study welcomed being interviewed for the study as it provided an emotional vent for them to lay out their feelings which they could not so far share with anyone due to the absence of an appropriate support network. (Flaskerud Tabora, 1998). One recent South African study by Hlabyago et al. (2009) focused on one of the important problems faced by care givers of terminally ill HIV/AIDS patients. This problem is the caring for the orphaned children of the parents who succumbed to HIV. As per 2010 data, more than a third of the 50 million or more orphaned children in Sub Saharan Africa lost either one or both their parents to HIV.   Given the huge scale of the problem, this study by Hlabyago assumes great significance in terms of policy formulations and also with respect to assessing the impact on family caregivers. The researchers of this study employed one on one interview technique which sought answers to the following important question from the care givers – â€Å"Would you please tell me your experiences as a family caregiver concerning your care of the orphans?† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The Interviews were conducted for nine subjects who were home caregivers recruited from the Hoekfontein Clinic in So uth Africa. The demographic details of the subjects were noted down.   Six out of the 9 (63%) care givers were grand mothers, 2 of them were aunties and one of them sister to the orphaned children. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in the observations that are listed in the following table. As could be inferred from the above results table, financial constrain is a major problem for care givers affecting 77% (7 out of 9) of the study subjects.   However, one concern that is uniformly expressed by all the care givers involved in the study was that of the existence of Bureaucratic difficulties and the lack of social support services. Though the government has programs to support orphans in the form of orphan grants, accessibility problems and processing delays and the lack of proactive approach within the social works departments hinder the outreach of such programs to the people. For instance, one of the caregiver, who was the grand mother of the orphaned child, expressed her helplessness stating, â€Å"I got the heart to help this child by applying for this orphan grant. I am still waiting for the money because it is not yet released. I sent the documents a long time ago. The social worker has since told me that they will send someone at home and I am still waiting. I wish that money can come so that I can save some for him (the orphan) because I am old – anytime I can die, you see†. (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The study also revealed that lack of support from family members is a pressing issue. One of the care giver subjects who were interviewed for the study reported that she received little support from her husband in taking care of the orphaned Children. â€Å"The day Johanna died he came and found me struggling with her, he came into the room and walked out, and when he came back again the child was already dead† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). Some of the care givers expressed concern about the rebellious attitude of the orphaned kids while some of them expressed concerns about the growing family conflicts due to the care giving. â€Å"I decided to take him in and care for him. I think that she (the orphan’s biological grandmother) is thinking that because I am receiving this child’s orphan grant, she is not sending anything for this child who is basically her responsibility† (Hlabyago et al., 2009).   The literature reviewed so far clearly highlighted that care giving for HIV patients could be a stressful event and debilitate the care giver in the absence of suitable support mechanisms. Methodology The following sections will revolve around a questionnaire based primary study in which 15 subjects who were care providers for HIV patients in Zimbabwe were provided with 6 questions with various choices and their answers analyzed for themes.   The choice of questionnaire was due to its informal nature and usefulness in gaining valuable data. The use of open ended questions helps in ascertaining more information from the subject whenever appropriate.   Though initially I had sent my questionnaires to 15 recipients only 10 of them returned the completed information. All the 10 subjects were properly apprised of the nature of the study. Though the respondents knew that the study was purely for academic purposes they were delighted in providing the valuable information for the study. All the subjects were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and that their responses would be used purely for academic knowledge improvement purposes. Thematic analysis was employed to disc ern useful themes and patterns about the various aspects of caregiving. Results The data from the questionnaires answered by the 10 subjects who participated in the study were analyzed to identify the emergent themes. In all, six questions with varied responses to each question were provided to the subjects. These questions were particularly relevant to understanding the wide impact that care giving has on the home based care providers. The results revealed some of the important psychosocial aspects of caregiving. The repetitive themes that were identified from the data attested to the key findings reported in the literature review early in this paper. These common themes suggest the need for urgent action. Care giving challenges The data from the questionnaires revealed some demographic profile about the subjects. Most of the carergivers in the study were relatives of the HIV Patient and on an average care provision period lasted between 2 and 3 years. 80% of the caregivers were elderly females. Economic difficulties dominated the challenges that were reported by the caregivers with almost 90% of the subjects reporting financial constrains as a serious issue involved in prolonged caregiving for the HIV patient.   As discussed earlier in the paper this may stem from loss of income if the patient was a productive member of the family. Caregivers are also constrained by the fact that they could not be gainfully employed when they are tied down with caring for the patient. One other important aspect pertaining to caregiving at home was the lack of adequate transport services. 80% of the caregivers opined that they find transporting the patient to the hospital during times of emergency a huge problem as the Ambulance services are not prompt. Subjects also complained that the ambulance services charge them for the fuel costs.  Ã‚   Most of the subjects stated that they took the responsibility of caregiving out of love and compassion to the patients. When asked about the support services that could have helped them a lot with their care giving almost all the subjects mentioned transportation as an important feature. 30% of the subjects felt that providing food care for the patients and opportunities for part time employment for themselves would have been greatly helpful.   40% of the caregivers also expressed their concern that the scarcity of water in rural Zimbabwe added more problems to them as they could not walk several kilometers to fetch water leaving their sick patients at home. This is a very relevant issue as Zimbabwe is one of the African countries that is hard hit by water crisis, and more often than not, functional borewells that are the only nearby sources of water would be several kilometers away. There were also concerns about the medication supply with 40% of the caregivers complaining about shortage and availability of ‘Anti retroviral Drugs’ at the local dispensary. The continuous availability of ART is critical for HIV patients in order to prolong their life. It was also interesting and informative to note down that 7 out of the 10 subjects felt that this small questionnaire project, though it was done for educational purposes, provided them with an opportunity to discuss the problems involved in care giving.   The seven care providers felt that the questionnaire provided them an emotional purge as they hsd not had a chance to discuss their difficulties with anyone else. They all felt that there was a complete lack of support mechanisms available for carers and that this made them feel helpless and emotionally dissipated time to time.   Conclusion Caregivers undergo enormous stress during the protracted period of care giving that is involved in managing a chronic HIV patient. Just as care givers provide so much of love, effort and care to the patients they look after, their needs should also be looked after. The psychological, spiritual and financial support that caregivers require are however largely unfulfilled. Especially when there is political and economical turmoil in a country, such as that seen in Zimbabwe, the needs of the home based care provider is more likely to be ignored. As the numerous studies that were discussed in the paper reported care givers are mostly women and predominantly elderly women. Reeling under enormous financial strain, compounded by the lack of support network, African women are forced to singlehandedly manage care delivery for the HIV patient and are stretched to breaking points. Stigmatization and social isolation that arise out of HIV care giving make them even more isolated and overwhelmed. The present study based on the information gathered from caregivers in Zimbabwe clearly highlights the plight of the caregivers. It is very clear that financial woes are among the most important to the caregiver, followed by the lack of support services. Zimbabwean government is unstable and social welfare programs are hardly functioning. Even for those support services that are maintained and run by the Government, bureaucratic difficulties have made them inaccessible and out of reach of the poor caregiver. Counseling support services for caregivers are distinctly lacking. Based on the opinion gathered from the study and other relevant literature, it is clear that holistic care as advocated in the National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004) is still far from reality.   There is clear indication that support networks do not exist or are inaccessible. Based on these findings this paper concludes that family based care givers are struggling without access to support services. A collaborative action involving government, NGOs and other health agencies is required to correct the defects. Home based carers should be trained, supported and counseled, and policy level initiative must be practically implemented. Only then could the quality of life for the patients as well as for the carers improve. Bibliography AVERT, (2012), HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe, viewed Jan 1st 2012, avert.org/aids-zimbabwe.htm#contentTable5 amfAR, (2012), Statistics Worldwide, viewed January 1st 2012 amfar.org/about_hiv_and_aids/facts_and_stats/statistics__worldwide/ Hlabyago KE Ogunbanjo GA (2009), The experiences of family care givers concerning their care of HIV/AIDS Orphans, SA FAM PRACT Vol 51, no 6 pg 506-511. Kipp W, Matakula Nkosi T, Laing L, Jhangri GS, (2006), Care burden and self-reported health status of informal women caregivers of HIV/AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Care, Oct; 18(7):694-7 Lindsey E, Hirschfelf M, Tlou S, Ncube E. (2003), Home based care in Botswana: experiences of older women and young girls. Health Care for Women International; 24: 486-501 Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, (2004), National Community Home based Care Standards, viewed Jan 1st 2012, jsieurope.org/docs/national_community_hbc_standard.pdf Natsayi Matinba, (2010), The Psycho Social impact of Care-Giving on the Family Care-Givers of Chronically ill AIDS/HIV Patients in Home based Care. Research Report, University of Witwatersrand, SA. National AIDS Council, (2011), UNAIDS highlights Zimbabwes progress in response to AIDS, viewed January 1st 2012, nac.org.zw/news/unaids-highlights-zimbabwe%E2%80%99s-progress-responding-aids-0 Ssengonzi R. J. (2007), The plight of older persons as caregivers to people infected/affected by HIV/AIDS: evidence from Uganda. J Cross Cult Gerontol; 22: 339-353 Thomas F. (2006), Stigma, fatigue and social breakdown: Exploring the impacts of HIV/AIDS on patient and carer well-being in the Caprivi Region, Namibia. Social Science and Medicine 63: 3174-3187 UNICEF, (2009), HIV and AIDS Issues, viewed January 1st 2012, unicef.org/zimbabwe/hiv_aids.html

8 Special Little Words in English Grammar

8 Special Little Words in English Grammar To be accurate, its not the words themselves that are special; its how theyre sometimes used in sentences. Linguists have assigned names to these distinctive (and sometimes controversial) ways of using eight very common words in English: it, there, should, anymore, be, we, they, and eh. For additional examples and more detailed discussions of the terms, follow the links in bold. Dummy ItUnlike an ordinary pronoun, dummy it refers to nothing at all. In sentences about time and weather (e.g., Its six oclock, Its snowing) and in certain idioms (Its obvious youre having a tough time), it serves as a dummy subject. (For a related use of this personal pronoun, see Anticipatory It.)Existential ThereAnother familiar type of dummy subject is the existential there. In contrast to the deictic there, which refers to a place (e.g., Lets sit over there), the nonreferential there simply points out the existence of something (There is a problem with the network).Putative ShouldUnlike the mandative should, which expresses a command or recommendation (e.g., You should stop complaining), the putative should emphasizes an emotional response to a presumed fact (Its sad you should feel that way). Putative should is heard more often in British English than in American English.Positive AnymoreIn Standard English, the adverb anymore is usually limited to negative or interrogative co nstructions (e.g., She doesnt sing anymore). But in some American, Canadian, and Irish dialects, anymore is also used in positive constructions to mean now or at this time (They go to Maryland on their holidays anymore). Invariant BeA feature of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), invariant be is often misinterpreted as an all-purpose substitute for am, is and are. In fact, because invariant be (as in She be busy all the time) has the special function of marking habitual or repeated activities, AAVE makes a distinction that Standard English cant make by verb tense alone. (See No Time Like the Present Tense.)Inclusive WeIn contrast to the exclusive we, which deliberately leaves out the person whos being addressed (e.g., Dont call us; well call you), inclusive we uses a first-person plural pronoun to evoke a sense of commonality and rapport between a speaker (or writer) and his or her audience (We shall never surrender).Singular TheyMost handbooks still decry the use of they, them, or their to refer to a singular noun or an indefinite pronoun (e.g., Somebody lost their keys). But this is probably a losing battle: singular they has been in widespread use since the 14th century. Narrative EhThough strongly associated with speakers of Canadian English, narrative eh isnt exclusively Canadian. This little discourse marker or tag (described by one linguist as virtually meaningless) most often shows up at the end of a sentencelike this, eh?

Classroom of the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Classroom of the future - Essay Example This research tells that classroom is an important environment affecting students in many fields. Studies have proved that the there is a relationship between the student performance and the classroom facilities. Classroom facilities affect students’ attendance and academic performance, so taking care of classroom facilities improve the level of student performance in the classroom. Additionally, the classroom often reflects the correlation between the students and their teacher. It’s important to understand not only what’s coming next but also where it all started. Classrooms throughout history have passed much of the technological changes. So, the purpose of this paper is to describe those changes and then visualize the future changes in the classroom. The classroom has changed a lot in the past. There are three main periods from the early days that helped build the education system we have now. The colonial period was first from the 1600’s to the 1700â €™s, the next period would be from the American Revolution to the civil war which was approximately a 70 year period from 1791-1861.The Information age came next from the mid-1900s to the very early 2000s. In the colonial period, the classroom was very minimal only consisting of a one-room building most likely with log walls, a dirt floor, and wax windows. For chairs, they would split a log in half and attach branches to the bottom to create a chair. Educational supplies were very scarce and expensive, most were homemade consisting of quill pens and boil down bark to make ink. Between the American Revolution and the civil war, the classroom experience got a lot better because classrooms had blackboards, slates, and maps. The furniture and architecture were also greatly improved even though at first during this period many communities didn’t have school buildings because if the revolutionary war, instead they had large rooms until the building was able to be rebuilt.