Writing an essay in english: May 2020

Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Bullwhip Effect In Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3676 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The bullwhip effect was the enlargement of demand fluctuations, not the amplification of the demand. The bullwhip effect was obvious in a supply chain when demand rose up and goes down. The effect was that these could be rise up and goes down were blown up the supply chain. DonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Bullwhip Effect In Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi Business Essay" essay for you Create order The spirit of the bullwhip result was that information to suppliers tends to have larger difference than sales to the purchaser. The additional chains in the supply chain the more multifaceted this matter becomes. This modification of demand was enlarged the further than insist was passed up the supply chain. During this research, there were a lot of reasons behind this amplification of demand of the products in pharmaceutical industry of Karachi and some of the causes that the bullwhip result occurred comprise the following: Over act in response to the backlog orders. Very little or no communication linking supply chain partners. Holdup times between order dealing out, demand, and receiving of products. Order batching: method for declining of ordering costs due to discounts for larger order, transport expense reduced by ordering full-truck loads, etc. Confines on order size (i.e. retailers could arrange goods in cases of 10 from trader; though, distributors take deliv ery of orders in cases of 1,000) Imprecise demand forecasts. Free of charge return policies. Cost fluctuations Short gaming Delay in lead time The research work includes measuring the bullwhip effect in Pharmaceutical industry Karachi, for that there must be know about the pharma sector of Karachi. Through finding from general survey the research concluded that there were more than 400 qualified pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan, including the 30 multinationals that have 40 percent of the market share. Approximately half of Pakistans total expenditure or consumption of pharmaceuticals were imported and there were also local manufacturing concept emerging now days due to technology transfer of many products from international countries to Pakistan. After the brief analysis of the pharmaceutical industry and the bullwhip effect that affects the demand of the product in the market so eventually caused the problem in sales and marketing due to many reasons. The bullwhip effect involves and turns around the terminology that was the usually involved in Supply chain which was the procedure of planning, executing, and scheming the operations as professionally as possible. Supply Chain extent all association and storage of raw resources, work-in-process records, and finished possessions from point-of-origin to the point-of-usage. Further, supply chain involves four district yet interrelated flows. These flows include material, information, ownership, and payment flows. Successful marketing required a successful supply chain management that ultimately requires planning, managing and controlling these four flows all the way through the incorporation of key procedure, from new suppliers through manufactures, retailers to the end-users, which produce values to the ultimate consumers. Lambert et al (1998) stated that supply chain management emphasizes close coordination among the diverse companies involved in the chain. It requires supply chain m embers to recognize which was part of the complex network. All the companies involved in the network were important in establishing a desired level of customer service in the supply chain and satisfying their customers requirements. These companies were interdependent in such a way that an individual companys performance affects the performance of other members of the supply chain. If there was a problem in one company, the company consequently causes other problems in other areas and weakens the effectiveness of the whole supply chain. Since, a supply chain involves many players and different practices and policies, those complexities result in higher degree of uncertainty and dynamic within a supply chain of the pharmaceutical industry of Karachi. In the marketing of the products one of the backbones involved was the supply chain in business includes the stages, which were built to fulfill the demand of the customers. A typical supply chain usually includes raw material supplie rs, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and end customers. In supply chain, the variability of order quantity may significantly add to relative to the unpredictability of the end customer demand. In practical operation of any supply chain, the downstream members of the chain would observe the demand and transmit it to the upstream members by the replenishment orders. The information distortion during this transmission process had been observed and referred to as the bullwhip effect. In the presence of bullwhip effect, a small variation in the demand of the end customer may cause large variation in the demand facing by supplier. After analyzing the above facts Supply chain management which was considered as one the major and biggest topic in our analysis as follows: Mentzer et al. (2001): stated that the systematic, strategic co-ordination of the conventional business function and the strategy across these business functions within in specific company and transversely business surrounded by the supply chain, for the reason of enhancing the lasting presentation of the entity companies and the supply chain as an entire. Lummus et al (2001): included the logistic flows, client order organization, the manufacture process, and the information stream necessary to monitor all the behavior at the supply chain sites. Min and Mentzer (2000): showed that the to manage the stream of a allocation control from the provider to the final client. Lambert et al (1998): observed that to get the most out of competitiveness and profitability for the company as well as the whole supply chain network, including the end-customer. Turner (1993): said that the technique that looks at all the links in the sequence from unprocessed materials dealer, through a variety of levels of developing, to warehousing and allocation to the ending customers. Christopher (1992): studied that the supply chain was the system of organization that was concerned, through upstream and do wnstream linkage, in the dissimilar procedure and actions that each creates value in the shape of goods and services in the offer of the final consumer. Cavinato (1992): studied that the supply chain consisted of vigorously managed channels of procurement and distribution and that it was made up of a group of firms that adds value along the products flow from original raw material to final customer. Lee and Billington (1992): showed that networks of manufacturing and distribution sites that procured raw material, transformed them into intermediate and finished products, and finally distribute the finished products to customer In order to cover the topic of demand fluctuation, there must address the below problems that ultimately covered the Bullwhip effect and its tactics: Distribution Network: Number, location of the partners in supply chain, facilities in production, different centers related to distribution, store rooms and final customers. Distribution planning: C entralized against uncentralised, direct transportation, Cross docking, pull or push ways, 3PL. Information: Processes of the supply chain to create the sharing valuable information. Inventory Management. 1.1 Value Chain Of pharmaceutical Industry Karachi: The Bullwhip Effect was an effect in forecast or demand driven distribution channels. Because customer ordering demand was very few perfectly stable, the businesses must be have forecast demand. Forecasts were usually dependent on technical data, and were rarely exact. Companies usually prefer to have avoided forecast errors by having a buffer stock. In this scenario there was a demand in stream from up to down with the variations in effects. Increasing global competition in the world market made the supply chain management more critical. Although people tried to avoid the influence of bullwhip effect, unfortunately, it always exists in every supply chains. Many researchers examined the bullwhip effect and managerial approaches to relieve bullwhip effect were also proposed. However, little research had been conducted on quantifying this effect and measurement of bullwhip effect still remains a challenging research direction Causes of Bullwhip effect: There were following causes of bullwhip effect: Demand processing (in conjunction with long lead times): This referred to misinformation which may propagate up to the supply chain if only local information was used to take decisions under uncertainty. Long lead times could amplify this fact, since the longer the lead time, the higher the target inventory level set in the replenishment model. Batching of the Orders: Batching existed because companies look for economies (e.g. large quantities discounts, full truck shipments, etc.) or because actually resort to MRP systems, which were usually run on a monthly basis. Price fluctuations. When there were price fluctuations, upstream actors tend to concentrate their orders and build up stocks; then there would be place no orders in the following periods since large amounts of inventory. As a result, a stable demand pattern could be significantly altered, and the BE may arise. Lummus et al. (2003) studied the impact of price promo tions and other marketing initiatives on supply chain, while Rinks (2002) proposed a simulation study replicating the data structure of the Beer Game that showed that once a fluctuation was triggered, it may take more that 20 periods for the system to come back to a steady state. When price promotions were run on a regular basis, this implies a steady state could never be reached, and the systems behavior appears to be chaotic. Rationing and shortage gaming: When demand was larger than production capacity, the manufacturer rations products to its customers according to the size of the orders. If the customers recognize the rationing criterion, that would react by inflating orders, so to get the desired amount of products, and by later canceling the excessive ordered quantity. As a consequence, the manufacturer had a poor perception of the actual demand. Forward buying: Goods may be purchased in earlier stage of the actual demand to take benefit of cost promotions. Bullwhip Effect resulted in too many swings in various demands or inventory stocking points throughout the supply chain. This swing was also likely to be wider upstream in supply chain. Owing to the excessive swings and the amplification of demands, the Bullwhip Effect was a major concern for participants involve in a supply chain and marketing. The increase variability and uncertainty required each member to increase the level of stocks in order to maintain established service levels causing increased inventory holding costs due to overstocking throughout the supply chain, and lead to insufficient use of resources and eventually results in poor customer service and profitability. Because of the bullwhip effect had the detrimental impacts on the performance of the whole supply chain; many researchers had attempted to identify possible causes of bullwhip effects. 1.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Karachi: In Pakistan, there were around 400 pharmaceutical companies operating under the umbrella of pharmaceutical industry. Including 30 multinationals and who had good enough market position while others were local generic companies, now a days the situation was totally changed the local companies were emerging in the pharmaceutical market because of their cheap technology and labor as well as there were not bound to procure raw materials from the validated plants by higher authorities in this way, captured profit and focus on sales increase rather than qualities,. So in order to calculate the bullwhip effect in the pharmaceutical industry which was the main cause of sales fluctuation had focused on pharmaceutical industry. Towards market potential then usually had seen that the pharmaceutical industry was good for many therapeutic segments including anti-biotic, vaccines, and analgesics, anti cancerous or hematological drugs. Through the geographic survey the Health sector had budget ar ound 40 billion, which merely increased every year by 15 16 percent. The existing network of those people related to medical representatives consisted of about 1000 hospitals, about 100 maternity and child birth centers and around 300 tuberculosis centers etc. Pakistan pharmaceutical industry was composed largely on multinational companies which were producing marketing research based or innovative products and also other small or bigger local companies which were predominantly produced and market generic products in Pakistan. There were many economic drives and some of them were illustrated down the line: Awareness Programs on issues related to health and realization amongst the population for the same Health securities by the emphasis of government Marketing research data by national companies Increase per capital income which provided high disposable income for health related matters Large population of Pakistan Export opportunities Production process improvement New generic molecules by cheaper raw materials Cheap raw material sources from abroad Chinese machinery system for manufacturing the products New generations entrepreneur in the local companies Increase in sales and marketing expenditures Doctors prescriptions were the main source of sales in pharmaceutical industry 1.5 Healthy Competition of Pakistan Pharmaceutical Industry: The Pakistan pharmaceutical industry was increasing day by day in growth. The utility rates and other factors of production have been increased in steady rate over the last couple of years. Prices of drugs were increasing since 2008 and china revoking its export by supplying to Pakistan. Here the point should be well noted that the china and India were exporting their raw materials and different and unique machineries to Pakistan in a huge quantity. Mostly the machineries were imported from China, Taiwan, Korea, India, Germany, UK, USA and Japan besides other countries 10% of the demand was fulfilled by the local fabricated equipments. Furthermore, World trade organization had shown a significant impact on pharmaceutical trade in shape of National treatment programs in which other parties get tender through WTO and in return their sales increases, another option was harmonization of standard through ICH guidelines which required intensive capital requirement to come to the pharma i ndustry business last but not the least was the TRIPS agreement in which the patented documents were there and generic manufacturing companies cannot come under this unless and until would had patents for their own product or molecule. In view of above factors organizations had to make themselves stronger to capture the pharmaceutical market in Pakistan and grow in the same field. One of the backbones factor was information system in pharmaceutical industry which was the main or core system that should be smooth to carry out the process in the industry because it did not had any physical existence in pharmaceuticals. Information connected the serve between various stages in manufacturing or marketing or supply chain in pharmaceutical industry which coordinated and brought new and innovative ideas to maximize the sales in pharmaceutical industry. Also, in order to perform the daily operations in the processes. The coordination occurs when all the processes in the supply chain w ere performed under secure and beneficial information that boost the sales in pharmaceutical industry. The information sharing process was involved in each and every stage of the operations and reduces the losses in the supply chain. Another important matter was forecasting which was the art and science of making projections about future demands and circumstances would be in the pharma industry. Future sales could be depicted through the forecasting techniques in the pharma industry. The company made a plan to act on the forecast. The forecasting technique should have been perfect and accurate so that the demand could be fulfilled to the customers. Any ignorance in the supply chain could bear losses in huge so the forecasting should be done in a well mannered to avoid any shortages in the market for fulfilling customers demand. Pricing was a process of gaining profit for a firm that how much had charge to the customers for their goods or services. Demand and supply information wa s a special input for pricing in pharmaceutical industry. A firm had to understand the impact of pricing and the competition amongst the competitors due to prices of the products. For effective revenue management the supply chain must have good information about the products and their pricing strategy. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Frank Chen (1998) summarized the study on enumerate the effect of the bullwhip in a simple way of supply chain and the affect of predictions, due time, and sources. The author quantified the bullwhip effect by using retailer and a single manufacturer and emphasized on the causes of the bullwhip effect in which focused on the demand forecasting and order lead times. Author focused on determining the impact of demand forecasting on the bullwhip effect and secondly, not only to find out the presence of the bullwhip effect, but also to quantify and measure the bullwhip effect, i.e., to quantify the increase in unpredictability or variability at each stage either in retailer, manufacturer or wholesaler side. In this research author had used the retailer information and observed the level of inventory system and their way of ordering to fulfill the demand and if there were any unfilled demand then those demands were backlogged, and also focused on the lead time between an order placed by the retailer and the fulfillment of the order. Lee et al. (1997a, b) identified the five main reasons of the bullwhip effect that were the use of demand forecasting, supply shortages, lead times, batch ordering, and price variations while most of the previous research on the bullwhip effect had focused on demonstrating its existence, identifying its possible grounds that creates bullwhip effect, and the methods of reducing its impact. Lee et al. also suggested the process of centralization of the demand information in each step of the supply chain with full, proper and complete information to fulfill the customer demand. Lee et al. (1997b) studied the measurement of demand by the use of retailer and the lead time and also analyzed the bullwhip effect. The author had also focused on the inventory Policy and forecasting technique which assume that the retailer followed a simple order-up-to inventory policy, also focused on the forecast error while taking the order-up-to point. Not only their findings and studied on the forecasting error and the inventory policy, the author had also studied the relationship between the two quantities. Hax and Candea (1984) studied that after the findings, authors came to the conclusion that it was more appropriate to calculate the inventory policy based on the former quantity. It was also focused that the forecasting was a major variable that could be used to measure the existence of bullwhip effect so this paper also focused on the same concept. To measure the bullwhip effect the author also had determined the variance of the orders placed by the retailer in the direction of the producer relative to the difference of the required goods faced by the vendor where authors have assumed. The important point to understand that the smother the demand forecasts the smaller the increase in variability / deviation and the increase in the variability of orders from the retailer to the manufacturer was a growing purpose of the fro nt time factor. Lee et al. (1997) suggested that one remedy made demand information at a down direction site obtainable to the upstream location. Centralized demand information was a great strategy for reducing the magnitude of the bullwhip effect. i.e., the demand information should be available at every step of the supply chain process or manufacturing till marketing to make customer demand information available. Although it was also a fact that the bullwhip effect still exist even had a centralized demand system by the retailers. That is, even if each stage of the supply chain had complete knowledge of the demands seen by the retailer, the bullwhip effect would still exist. The result in the research paper demonstrated the following three major points of views: All required demand information was centralized Every phase of the supply chain used the identical forecasting technique, and Every stage used the same inventory policy; there would still be an increase in vari ability at every stage of the supply chain. In this paper Lee et al. had demonstrated that the phenomenon known as the bullwhip effect was due to the effects of demand forecasting. More importantly, authors had shown that providing each stage of the supply chain with complete access to customer demand order information could considerably reduce this increase in variability. However, researcher also had shown that the bullwhip effect would still exist even when demand information was shared by all stages of the supply chain and all stages use the same forecasting technique and inventory policy. Even though the retailer had complete knowledge of the observed customer demands, as a result, the manufacturer observed an increase in variability. Indeed, the author had also believed that when evaluating the bullwhip effect it was most appropriate to consider inventory policies and forecasting techniques that were used in practice. Alderson (1957) distinguished and recognized that the interdependence between companies business activities in marketing channels. Forrester (1958) also acknowledged the association and linkages between business activities in marketing channels, e.g. in terms of the communications and connections among the flows of information, resources, wealth, and human resource, and assets gear. Weld (1916) stressed the significance of concentrating on the distribution channel as a whole. Mentzer et al., (2001) addressed the fact that the supply chain from the spot of beginning to the spot of spending. Furthermore, Xu et al., (2001) said that SCM required co-operation and co-ordination between companies activities and resources in a supply chain. Towill, Lee and Billington, (1992) studied that the otherwise, the variability of business activities in a supply chain tend to be amplified as it was moved upstream in the supply chain. Lee et al. (1997a) wrote that the variability of the orders may be greater than that of the sales and the fluctuation tends to rise up as one move upstream in the supply chain. Lee et al. (1997b) also claimed that the information transferred tends to be indistinct and could mislead upstream associated in their accounts and manufacture decisions. This phenomenon was referred to in literature as the bullwhip effect. In fact, practitioners and consultants had struggled to treat with the bullwhip effect, e.g. in the automotive, textile, and retail industries. In the retail industries the terms quick response and efficient consumer response was usually used. Fernie (1994) also demonstrated that those terms, or business philosophies, aim at reducing the unpredictability or variability in supply chains and in the end improves the productivity, profitability, cutting costs and increases the overall presentation or performance of the companys business. The bullwhip effect indicated that the stocks and inventories in the supply chain tend to be higher or greater in the upstream than downs tream, e.g. effects were caused by factors such as deficient information sharing, insufficient market data, deficient forecasts or other uncertainties or unpredictability.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Sample Resume Batteries Not Required...

RE: Batteries Not Required -HotTexasCowboyxCandy_demon21- In all of her life, Knight had never witnessed someone move with so much grace; even the Prima ballerina of the Russian Ballet didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t move like Colin did, even that alone had made the young woman squirm visibly beneath her robe. The moment he touched her, when his hands held both sides of her face, she could swear that she had felt a shock of electricity shoot through her and awaken every single cell. The gentle massaging of his finger at her temples with drew a long, shuddering sigh. As he spoke, she nodded her head slowly, trying to will her wild heart to slow to match his own: it didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t work quite as well as she had wanted. The tickling brush of his breath against her skinÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦But as his body left herÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, his form inched down her own, all thoughts evaporated. The fiery trail of kisses hadnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t ended at her neck, instead her sex god had opted to slide down over collar bone to one shoulder then back across the the other direction; he was through, that much was certain . Her body screamed violently for him, to have him take the pinched tip of her nipple into the confines of his warm, wet mouth. She wanted it, no, needed it at this point. Yet even as her form screamed loudly for him to tease her sensitve nubs, he stayed his lips and opted to have his trail of feverish kisses trace down the plains between her breasts. She had never known that watching someone taste her skin, their tongue teasingly caress the inner swell of her breasts, could be so erotic. She hadnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t noticed that as she watched him, she was holding her breath, until he returned to his previous pass and a sound that resembled a whine escaped. Perhaps it had been the agonized sigh that had caused her lover to take action, or it had been of his own volition, but Knight watched Colin lower his mouth hover just over the tip of her breast. Her heart was already hammering against her ribs, but as he teased her with the prospect of taste her pointed nipple, it thundered harder. The moment his tongue slide from his mouth and he began to trace just out of reach, Knight could feel her legs beginning to quake with desire. With each expert circle, he moved closer to her desire goal, it

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Essay about Ancient Egypt - 1687 Words

Ancient Egypt nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The giant pyramids, temples, and tombs of ancient Egypt tell an exciting story about a nation that rose to power more than 5,000 years ago. This mighty civilization crumbled before conquering armies after 2,500 years of triumph and glory. The dry air and drifting desert sands have preserved many records of ancient Egypt until modern times. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The ancient Egyptians lived colorful, active, and eventful lives. Many were creative artists, skilled craftsmen, and adventurous explorers. Bold Egyptian warriors won many battles, and their rulers governed wide areas of the known world. The ancient Egyptians loved nature and had a lively sense of humor. They were among theÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The kingdom extended south about 680 miles from the Mediterranean Sea to the First Cataract (rapids) of the river. It averaged only 12 miles in width from the Nile delta to the First Cataract. Egypt covered about 8,000 square miles and was a little smaller than the state of Massachusetts. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In later years, ancient Egypt usually controlled neighboring areas around the Nile Valley, including oases (fertile green patches), in the desert to the west. It usually governed part of the Nile Valley south of the First Cataract, the Red Sea coast, and the western part of the Sinai Peninsula in Asia. At the height of its power, around 1450 B.C., Egypt claimed an empire that reached as far south as the Fourth Cataract in Nubia, a part of ancient Ethiopia, and as far northeast as the Euphrates River in western Asia. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ancient Egypt was a lot less crowded than Modern Egypt. Historians believe that from one to eight million people lived in ancient Egypt. In Roman times, estimates set the figure at about six million. Most Egyptians lived near the Nile, with an average of 750 people per square mile. Today, the valley averages almost 2,400 people per square mile, although Egypt as a whole averages only 85. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The black-haired, dark-skinned ancient Egyptians were short and slender. The belong to the Mediterranean race of the Caucasoid (white) stock. As time went on, the Egyptians mixed with peopleShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt. Ancient Egypt Is A Wonderful, Mysterious2044 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesAncient Egypt Ancient Egypt is a wonderful, mysterious land. Thankfully for us today, the ancient Egyptians kept extensive records that allow us to understand most of the mysteries that Egypt has in store. 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Museums from all over the world dedicate entire exhibits to excavated Egyptian artifacts. Egypt itself receives millions of t ourists flocking to photograph the pyramids and its ruins each year. There are so many reasons behind why we are infatuated with ancient Egypt. One reason is its sheer antiquity because Egypt is one of the oldestRead More Ancient Egypt Essay6218 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 25 PagesAncient Egypt Ancient Egypt is located along the Nile River of Northeastern Africa. More specifically, it is the territory where ancients Egyptians lived in the valley of the delta and the Nile. It was a thriving civilization for more than 3,000 years, from about the time of 3300 BC to 30BC. The culture of Ancient Egypt is identified and very well known for many aspects of their ways of life. Considering the time period, they were very technologically advanced. This can especially be seen

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Is The Universal Access For Modern Energy Services Essay

is not truly measurable. The language of this target is extremely vague, and leaves a great deal of information open to interpretation. The most notable example is the use of the term Ã¢â‚¬Å"universal accessÃ¢â‚¬ when referring to use of energy. Having access to modern energy services is not the same as utilizing modern energy services. As long as more traditional forms of energy are more affordable, in many developing countries those forms would take precedence. As well, in order to measure something you must have concrete determinants, and it is difficult to measure access. In target 7.2, the target is to, Ã¢â‚¬Å"increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.Ã¢â‚¬ Although this target is more specific then 7.1, outlining that they will be measuring the Ã¢â‚¬Å"share of renewable energy,Ã¢â‚¬ which can be done easily by measuring energy used by renewable sources, relative to the total. The target itself is not clearly defined, by using the term, Ã¢â‚¬Å"substantiallyÃ¢â‚¬ the target is left open. For example, in 2011, 21% of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s energy was generated from renewable resources. (US Energy Information Administration, 2012). When the target mentions Ã¢â‚¬Å"substantiallyÃ¢â‚¬ increasing this share, it can be interpreted many ways, ranging from just a few percentage points, to possibly doubling. Target 7.3, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiencyÃ¢â‚¬ is a measurable goal. By clearly outlining that the goal is to double the global rate of improvement, the goal has a standardShow MoreRelatedObjectives Of The Sixth Sustainable Development Goals1259 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesEnergy access is increasingly seen as a crucial driver for social and economic development and also assists with meeting basic human needs for food and shelter (IEA, 2004). Energy was not explicitly considered in the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 or the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002. However the lin k between energy services and poverty reduction was clearly identified, as energy services and modern cooking fuels improved as a result (UNDP, 2005, PG.8). January 2016 will bringRead MoreIs It A Modern Energy Service?935 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pages7.1 states that by 2030, universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services will be ensured. By stating Ã¢â‚¬Ëœuniversal accessÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, this target can be taken many ways. Do they mean they want the entire population to have access by 2030? If so, this is quite a goal to accomplish within 15 years. There is also the problem of the term Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmodern energy servicesÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. Again, what constitutes a modern energy service? Something that is currently modern may no longer be modern by 2030 when it is implemented;Read MoreObjectives Of A Sustainable Development Goals1002 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesglobal sustainability. Goal 7 includes five targets that ensure access to sustainable, and modern energy for all. However, one of the targets described is not truly measurable. For instance, target 7.1 does not specify the type of modern energy services. In fact, different countries, based on their geographic locations or status of development, will rely on different types of modern energy services. Furthermore, the notion of Ã¢â‚¬Å"accessÃ¢â‚¬ is too vague and is redundant since the goal itself already statedRead MoreModern Day Growth And Development1055 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesschema, one is energy. More specifically, the need to warrant accessibility and affordability of modern energy to everyone across the globe. The agenda under this division of clean energy segments into multiple targets which the Division for Sustainable Development (DSD) of the United Nations hopes to achieve by the year 2030. Energy related services are an extremely substantial tool in todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s contemporary life, which brings us to the first target: Ã¢â‚¬Å"By 2030, ensure universal access to affordableRead MoreImproving The Accessibility, Quality, And Efficiency Of Energy1010 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesSustainable Development Goal aims to improve the accessibility, quality, and efficiency of energy. While some of the targets are clearly defined, others use ambiguous terms, making them not truly measureable. Firstly, terms used in targets 7.1, 7.2, and 7.b are not clearly defined, making them not truly measurable. Being able to provide a service universally, implies that every person worldwide should have access to the service. This is neither reasonable nor measureable. The term Ã¢â‚¬ËœaffordableÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ is not clearlyRead MoreUniversal Accessibility Of Energy Services956 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesensure universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy services by 2030 (target 7.1) and to significantly increase the amount of renewable energy services in use by that time (7.2) (U.N., 2015). These targets aim to meas ure the amount of the population who has access to energy and to ensure that the methods of energy are sustainable, renewable, and cost effective. As stated by U.N. in the SDGs Ã¢â‚¬Å"it is estimated that in 2015 still about 2.8 billion people have no access to modernRead MoreThe Current State Of Renewable Energy Consumption Between Today And 2030 Essay984 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pages(such as universal, affordable, reliable, and modern) are agreed to be defined as. What is considered to be affordable/reliable/modern can be subjective especially in a global context. Therefore, the dimensions can be measured, however the target itself is not truly measurable. Target 7.2: The global energy mix is the breakdown of the consumption of primary energy sources. The breakdown is based on the geographical regions of the world (PlanÃƒ ¨te Ãƒâ€°nergies, 2015). If the different types of energy in regionsRead MoreImplementing The Sustainable Development Goal On Affordable And Clean Energy1114 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"Affordable and Clean EnergyÃ¢â‚¬ (United Nations), I have observed that the majority of the targets listed are truly not measurable. By incorporating the words Ã¢â‚¬Å"increaseÃ¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"doubleÃ¢â‚¬ , the targets 7.2 and 7.3 appear to be the only two targets which one can use a clear standard unit of comparison. The target 7.1 uses the concept Ã¢â‚¬Å"universal accessÃ¢â‚¬ as its amount to achieve by 2030. Although, an amount can be given of the number of people who do not have access to any modern energy services, to give a true measurementRead MoreSustainable Development Goals Of The United Nations957 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pag esin place of the old Millennium Development Goals. Goal 7, which is related to energy and includes 5 targets, is aimed to Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.Ã¢â‚¬ Measurability of the Targets From a personal perspective, it seems that most targets within Goal 7 are measurable. The first target, Ã¢â‚¬Å"by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy servicesÃ¢â‚¬ , is theoretically measurable. However, as many developing countries donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t haveRead MoreImproving The Progress Of The Goal978 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesbecause we cannot calculate its progress. The language used is very vague. For instance, it states the access to affordable energy services but who will determine what price is considered affordable. Target 7.2 is not a truly measurable target because the language is also quite vague and we cannot evaluate if progress is being made. Essentially, it does not have definable parameters on how the energy will be equally shared. Target 7.3 is a measurable target. Measuring the variations of the rate will

Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one Free Essays

string(86) " the only way to prevent drunkenness was to abstain from drinking alcohol completely\." Alcohol is a depressant that affects your vision, coordination, reaction time, multitasking ability, judgment, and decision-making (Short and Long Term). Seventy-five percent of adults in America drink alcohol (Health). Because of the large impact that alcohol consumption has had on America, it has become a hot topic of debate. We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically, on whether lowering the age at which a person can legally drink would decrease the amount of alcohol abuse by minors. To properly address the issue of underaged drinking in America, the legal drinking age should stay at twenty-one. If lowered, the amount of alcohol being consumed by persons under twenty-one would increase, causing a rise in alcohol related accidents and death. Origins of Alcohol Ethanol, the alcohol we consume, is made by fermenting and distilling fruits and grains. Alcohol fermentation is a natural process which occurs when yeast converts carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar, into alcohol. An example would be wheat used to create beer, or grapes to produce wine. Most plant matter can be used to produce alcohol. When an alcoholic beverage is consumed, 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and 80 percent in the small intestine (Freudenrich). The speed of absorption depends upon the concentration of alcohol in the beverage, gender, weight, and whether your stomach is full or empty; food slows down the absorption of alcohol. Men generally have more muscle mass and less fat then women, so one drink will not affect a man as it would a woman. A person doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t start feeling the effects of alcohol until it is carried through the bloodstream, to theÃ‚ bodyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s tissues. This process takes about twenty minutes, depending on the amount originally consumed. Once absorbed by the bloodstream, five percent of the alcohol is expelled through the kidneys as urine, five percent through exhalation of the lungs, and the rest is broken down into acetic acid by the liver (Freudenrich). A person becomes Ã¢â‚¬Å"drunkÃ¢â‚¬ when an excess of alcohol is consumed and cannot be absorbed by the liver. Throughout history, alcohol has provided a large variety of uses for the human race. No one knows exactly when alcohol was first used, but intentionally fermented drinks existed as early as 10,000 B. C. (Patrick, 12-13). In ancient Egypt, brewing dates back to the beginning of civilization, where alcohol played an important roll in worship of the gods (Cherrington, vol. 1, 404). Alcoholic beverages were used for pleasure, nutrition, medicine and ritual. In China, alcohol was considered a spiritual food, playing an important role in religious life (Hucker, 28). Ã¢â‚¬Å"In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquetsÃ¢â‚¬ (Fei-Peng, 13). Greeks were the most restrained when it came to alcohol consumption in ancient history. This had to do with their rules stressing moderate drinking, diluting wine with water, and avoiding excess (Austin, 11). However, intoxication at gatherings and festivals was not uncommon. By 1,700 B. C. , wine making was commonplace, and during the next thousand years wine drinking assumed the same function so commonly found around the world: It was incorporated into religious rituals, it became important in hospitality, it was used for medicinal purposes and it became an integral part of daily meals (Babor, 1986, pp. 2-3). Greek philosopher, Plato, thought wine, in moderation, was beneficial to oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health and happiness. With all of these ancient countries prospering, and consuming alcohol for the better, it is difficult to believe that alcohol consumption laws are being abused every day by underaged drinkers. Temperance Movement In the early days of America, alcohol was viewed positively, with the idea that it was to be received with thankfulness. Even toddlers drank alcohol; it was seen as healthful for everyone. Ironically enough, for over thirty years, those who abstained from alcohol had to pay life insurance rates thatÃ‚ were ten percent higher than that for drinkers. Those who held back from alcohol were seen as Ã¢â‚¬Å"thin and watery, and as mentally cranked, in that he repudiated the good creatures of God as found in alcoholic drinksÃ¢â‚¬ (Kobler, 26). There was an expectation that abusing alcohol was not acceptable. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretionÃ¢â‚¬ (Aaron and Musto, 132). Violations did occur, but for the most part, alcohol abuse was not a major problem, until urbanization. With an increase in poverty and crime in colonial America, came an increase in alcohol abuse. Ã¢â‚¬Å"A sizeable number of Americans for the first time began to drink to excess by themselves. The solo binge was a new pattern of drinking in which periods of abstinence were interspersed every week, month, or season with one to three-day periods of solitary inebriationÃ¢â‚¬ (Rorabaugh, 144). This is when people began to search for solutions to drinking problems. One suggestion came from one of the most influential physicians of the period, Dr. Benjamin Rush. In 1784, Dr. Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s physical and psychological health (Katcher, 275). Many thought that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to abstain from drinking alcohol completely. You read "Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one" in category "Papers" With the influence of RushÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s belief, the first temperance association was formed in Connecticut in 1789, and within the next few decades other temperance organizations were formed in eight states (Ashbury, 28-31). The future of this movement to moderate alcohol seemed bright, but many of itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s leaders overestimated their strength; they expanded their activities and took positions on other moral issues. This just turned into political bickering, and by the early 1820s their movement was stalled. To get out of this standstill, most temperance organizations argued that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to eliminate alcohol consumption completely. While the Temperance Movement began by advocating the temperate, or moderate, use of alcohol, it now said that no one should be permitted to drink any amounts of alcohol (Royce, 40). They became much more extreme, devoted advocates of their cause. They became prohibitionists. Ã¢â‚¬Å"For decades the American public was flooded with temperance pamphlets, temperance novels, temperance newspapers, temperance sermons, and temperance lectures-the longest sustained and perhaps the largest organized effort at mass communication about a social issue that the country has ever seenÃ¢â‚¬ (Room, 22). Interestingly enough, root beer, the carbonated soft drink, was developed by prohibitionists in the hopes that it would replace beer in popularity; that effort was obviously unsuccessful. Many prohibitionists saw it as their religious duty to encourage temperance, even through politics. Children were even used in the movement to march, sing and exert pressure at polling places. One of the leading organizations for National Prohibition, the Anti-Saloon League, stressed itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s religious character, and anything it did was seen as moral or justified because it was working for God. Decades later, their strong organization and political tactics paid off in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, establishing national prohibition. A leader of the Anti-Saloon League stated that before itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s passage in Congress, 13,000 business people who supported prohibition were given crucial instructions: We blocked the telegraph wires in Congress for three days. One of our friends sent seventy-five telegrams, each signed differently with the name of one his subordinates. The campaign was successful. Congress surrendered. The first to bear the white flag was Senator Warren Harding of Ohio. He told us frankly he was opposed to the amendment, but since it was apparent from the telegrams that the business world was demanding it he would submerge his own opinion and vote for submission.Ã‚ (Pollard, 107) For decades prohibition had been advocated as the magical solution to the nationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s poverty, crime, and other indiscretions (Aaron and Musto, 157). However, almost immediately after the Eighteenth Amendment was imposed, alcohol was being made and consumed illegally. Grape juice began to sell as Ã¢â‚¬Å"bricks or blocks of Rhine WineÃ¢â‚¬ along with a warning: Ã¢â‚¬Å"After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wineÃ¢â‚¬ (Aaron and Musto, 159). Ironically, American alcohol production and consumption grew during the period of prohibition. It encouraged high amounts of alcohol consumption in secretive, unregulated ways. Ã¢â‚¬Å"People did not take the trouble to go to a speakeasy, present the password, and pay high prices for very poor quality alcohol simply to have a beer. When people went to speakeasies, they went to get drunk. Ã¢â‚¬ (Zinberg and Fraser, 468). Ã¢â‚¬Å"Removing the alcohol from the norms of everyday society increased drinking problems. Without well-known prescriptions for use and commonly held sanctions against abuse, prohibition drinkers were left almost as defenseless as were the South American Indians in the face of Spanish rum and brandy. Ã¢â‚¬ (Zinberg and Fraser, 470). Violence and corruption of public officials caused by prohibition only added to the list of problems. It became difficult to convict prohibition violators because public support for the law and its enforcement dramatically weakened. For example, of 7,000 arrests in New York between 1921 and 1923, only twenty-seven resulted in convictions (Lender and Martin, 154). Political views on the law began to shift as itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ineffectiveness became evident. Even John D. Rockefeller, Jr. , a lifelong abstainer, announced his support for repeal of the eighteenth amendment, because of the widespread problems it caused (Prendergast, 44). The popular vote for repeal of the eighteenth amendment was three to one, the American people rejected prohibition (Childs, 260-261). It is obvious that alcohol abuse was, and still is, an infinite problem faced by American adults and adolescents. Clearly permanently abstaining from alcohol is a mess as well. The solution, to find a healthy medium, is clear: allow Americans the consumption of alcohol, but restricting the age at which it can be consumed to twenty-one will support alcohol in moderation and promote lawfulness when consuming alcohol. Underage Alcohol Abuse Alcohol use among teenagers is not uncommon. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine says, by the end of high school, about 75% of adolescents have tried alcohol, and more than half report having been drunk at least once in their life. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Alcohol is involved in more than one-third of the adolescent deaths associated with unintentional injury, homicide, and suicideÃ¢â‚¬ (Further and Fredrick). If the drinking age is lowered to 18, youth in this country will start drinking at younger and younger ages. It will be much easier for 15 to 17 year olds to obtain alcohol via their 18 year old peers in high school (Fell). The abundance of alcohol will cause distractions to students studies as well as create dangers after hours. More accidents are bound to occur, and teens will be less likely to report medical need if they are under the influence, whether it be for fear of getting in trouble or just so drunk that theyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re unaware of any sort of problem. A higher drinking age has proven to be beneficial to the health and safety of underaged women. Adolescent drinking plays a significant role in risky sexual behavior, including unwanted, unintended, and unprotected sexual activity, and sex with multiple partners (Cooper and Orcutt). Such behavior increases the risk for unplanned pregnancy and for contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Cooper et al. , 1994). If the drinking age is lowered below twenty-one, adolescents will feel more comfortable drinking more, inadvertently increasing the risk of physical and sexual assault among women (Staley, 1998). Having alcohol in the body while youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re driving changes your distance and speed perception by making you see things farther or closer than they really are, or makes you feel like youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re driving the speed limit when youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢re really speeding (Short and Long Term). Every day in America, another 27 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes (An Examination). Sixty percent of all teen deaths in car accidents are alcohol related, and, in a single year, 522 children under the age of 14 were arrested for driving while intoxicated (Teenage Drunk Driving). Ã¢â‚¬Å"During the 1980s, the nation saw a reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes, directly attributable to raising the legal minimum age for the sale and public possession of alcohol to age 21Ã¢â‚¬ (Statement) It is estimated that minimum drinking age laws have prevented nearly 25,000 fatalities since 1975: Fig. 1. Cumulative Estimated Number of Young Lives Saved by Minimum Drinking Age Laws, 1975-2007 (Traffic Safety Facts, Young Drivers, 2006). However, underaged drinking is still a problem. High school teens drive after drinking about 2.4 million times a month (Teen Drinking and Driving). These numbers will only increase if the drinking age is lowered, because alcohol will be more readily available to adolescents, and misuse will be deadly. Blood alcohol content is the percentage of alcohol in the blood. All 50 states require that the legal blood alcohol content remain at . 08% or less when driving a motor vehicle. This means that . 08% of a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s blood, by volume, is alcohol (The Code). Teenage boys with a Blood Alcohol level of . 05%-.10% are 18 times more likely to suffer a single vehicle crash than a teenager with no alcohol in the bloodstream (Teenage Drunk Driving). ThatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s two beers in the course of one hour. Do you really want alcohol consumption to be legal for eighteen year olds? The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report of 1995 showed that raising the drinking age to twenty-one reduced teen traffic accidents significantly, and brought a thirteen percent decrease in fatal traffic accidents for all ages. Alcohol abuse has been a rising problem for the past three decades. With continued exposure, the human body must adapt to increase the tolerance of alcohol. This involves an increase in the amount of the liverÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s enzymes that are used to break down alcohol, and an increase in brain activity and nervous-system neurons (Freudenrich). These adaptations negatively change a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s behavior. With long-term alcohol exposure, the body does become more efficient at eliminating alcohol in the blood, but this also means that the person must drink more alcohol to experience the same effects as before, which leads to more drinking and contributes to addiction. Alcohol addiction, or alcoholism, is a chronic disease in which a person becomes physically dependent on alcohol (Watson). Not everyone who drinks alcohol heavily is considered an alcoholic. Those who drink enough to affect their family or job responsibilities, or drive while intoxicated, abuse alcohol, but they do not necessarily have a dependence on it. Alcoholics feel the need to drink, similarly to the way that most people feel the need to eat. There are many social factors that can cause one to develop alcoholism. Some include: peer pressure, advertising, and the environment. Young people are extremely susceptible to peer pressure. Too many teenagers think it is acceptable to drink Ã¢â‚¬Å"because their friends are doing it. Ã¢â‚¬ Adolescents who drink alcohol experience problems with brain development and learning. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism says that people who begin drinking before age fifteen are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at some time in their lives compared to those who have their first drink at age twenty or older. Lowering the drinking age would only create more alcohol addiction among adolescents. Alcohol, in the long-term, disrupts normal brain development; causes permanent liver damage; kills brain cells, destroys organs; and causes heart problems such as heart attack, disease and stroke (Short and Long Term). The higher the legal drinking age is, the less likely alcohol will be a factor in a young adults death, and the more longevity of the average persons life. Reaffirming the Legal Drinking Age Believe it or not, there are exceptions to the law that makes it illegal for anyone under the age of twenty-one to consume alcohol. In twenty-nine states, itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private, non alcohol-selling premises, with parental consent, and eleven states allow for minors to have alcohol on alcohol-selling premises, with parental approval (ProCon. org). These exceptions to the law are extremely flawed. Alcohol affects minors in a way that is different to adults consuming alcohol. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private property with parental consent. What does that say if the parents are drunk themselves? Parents under the influence would not give proper supervision to the minors drinking alcohol, and, therefore, greatly increase the risk of an accident. This exception needs to be abolished, because adolescents consuming alcohol has proven negative short-term and long-term consequences. Underage drinking is a leading contributor to death from injuries, which are the main cause of death for people under age twenty-one. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Annually, about 5,000 people under age 21 die from alcohol-related injuries involving underage drinkingÃ¢â‚¬ (The Surgeon, 10). About 1,600 deaths result from homicides and 300 from suicides (Teen Drinking and Driving). If adolescents are given permission by parents to drink alcohol, then they will assume that they can get away with alcohol consumption in their homes when their parents are not around. This can lead to dangerous parties with underaged alcohol consumption. Many rights have different ages of initiation. A person can obtain a hunting license at age twelve, driverÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s license at age sixteen, vote and serve in the military at eighteen, serve in the U. S. House of Representatives at age twenty-five and in the U. S. Senate at age thirty and run for President at age thirty-five (Wagenaar and Toomey). Ã¢â‚¬Å"The minimum age of initiation is based on the specific behavior involved and must take into account the dangers and benefits of that behavior at a given ageÃ¢â‚¬ (Wagenaar and Toomey). The policy for alcohol consumption at age twenty-one takes into account the fact that underage drinking is related to numerous serious problems, including injuries and deaths resulting from car crashes, suicide, homicide, assault, drowning and recreational injuries. One argument for lowering the legal drinking age is that nineteen and twenty year-olds are drinking anyway, so why not legalize it so they will drink in controlled settings? Research shows that about half of drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) or killed as drinking drivers in traffic crashes, did their drinking at licensed establishments (An Examination). Most other foreign countries have a lower drinking age than America. It is argued that alcohol is a bigger part of the European family than it is part of the American family. Many have argued that a high drinking age forces young people to drink without adult supervision, on the contrary making it legal for eighteen to twenty year-olds to drink alcohol causes worse problems because of the abundance of drinking that takes place. For example, in New Zealand, the drinking age was lowered from twenty to eighteen in 1999. After the drinking age was lowered to eighteen, there was a significant increase in traffic crashes among youth affected by the law change (Kypri et al., 126-131). About half of the European countries have intoxication rates among young people that are higher than the intoxication rates in the United States (Comparison). This evidence proves that younger drinking ages are hazardous to the health of adolescents, which, is why the American minimum legal drinking age should stay at twenty-one. Research has proven that keeping the age at which one can legally consume alcohol at twenty-one is best for AmericanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and their well being. In ancient times, alcohol in moderation was seen as a way of life, but modern day has consistently shown the need for regulation of alcoholic drinking. The problem with identifying the optimum minimum drinking age, to reduce alcohol abuse, involves many issues of freedom, responsibility, religion, politics and many other realms of life (Alcohol). AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s past has shown that making the consumption of alcohol illegal to everyone is a disaster. Keeping the legal drinking age at twenty-one is the best solution, because it promotes healthier drinking habits for everyone, especially the futureÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s adults. Keeping the legal age at twenty-one reduces the amount of death and injury; sexually transmitted diseases and abuse; and addiction. The public should be informed on the risks and negative effects to oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s health when drinking too much alcohol. Keep in mind the harmful short- and long-term affects alcohol has on the body. The next time you decide to sit down and have a drink, or two, or three, remember the lasting harmful effects that will ensue, especially if your still growing and developing. How to cite Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one, Papers

Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one Free Essays

Advise for Violet and Sonny for Legal Issues- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theAdvise for Violet and Sonny for Legal Issues. Answer: On the basis of the facts that have been provided in the present question, the issue is if Violet and Sonny can be considered as the partners of the business running the Busy Bee Florist Shop and therefore if can they be held liable to Friendly Bank regarding the loan taken by the business. For the purpose of the establishment of a partnership, it has been provided by section 1, Partnership Act (Vic) that there are three elements that need to be satisfied in this regard. Hence there should be (i) the carrying on of a business; (ii) in common and (iii) with a view to make profit. In case any of these elements is not present, the relationship cannot be described as a partnership. While deciding the meaning of the expression 'carrying on business', the issue arises if it is required that some repetitiveness of action should be established as compared to a one-off action on the part of the parties. In a number of early decisions, stress has been laid on the need for repetition or the con tinuity of action. In a particular case, there was a group of depositors who had subscribed for purchasing the shares lower trust in different submarine cable corporations. The investors were sold these by the trustees and they issued certificates to them. The issue in this case was if the trust was a partnership (Smith v Anderson, 1880). Deciding the Presence of Partnership: For deciding this issue, the court considered the nature of the trust and also the relationship among the persons involved in it. The court noted the fact that the trustees did not have the authority to speculate. They did not have mutual rights and obligations among these persons. Under the circumstances, it was held that the press cannot be described as a partnership, because there a lack of association for "carrying on a business" (Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd v Volume Sales Pty Ltd., 1974). Section 2, Partnership Act: According to section 2, Partnership Act, certain rules have been provided that can be used to decide if the particular relationship can be described as a partnership. However, it is important to note that these rules are not the only determinative if this question. While dealing with the question, the court will have to consider all the circumstances to find the true substance of the agreement created by the parties. The express, as well as the implied intention of the parties also needs to be considered in order to find if a partnership relationship is present. It has been stated by Roper J. that after finding out that it was the parties intended to do everything that would make them partners in law, the declared intention of the parties not to become partners was not valid (Wiltshire v Kuenzli, 1945). Hence, this invention will be of the utmost significance, regardless of the stated description of their relationship by the parties. An example can be give n of Stekel v Ellice (1973), where the plaintiff was employed by the defendant in this accounting firm in 1967. They entered into an agreement in October 1968. According to this agreement, the plaintiff became 'salaried partner' who was going to earn a salary. According to the agreement, term of employment was going to cease in April 1969. The agreement provided that the capital of the partnership belonged to the defendant and all losses will be borne by the defendant. Significantly, it was also provided in the agreement that the parties will enter a further agreement before April 1969, and according to this agreement, the plaintiff will assume the role of a full partner. However, the parties never entered into the later agreement and they continued as before. In August 1970, the relations of the parties broke down and the petitioner left the dealing and took his clients along. Then the plaintiff sought a pronouncement from the court that their partnership has been dissolved and it should be ordered to be wound up. Hence the issue was if the arrangement amounted to an employment agreement or if it was a partnership agreement. The court arrived at the conclusion that there was a partnership politics and this continued even if there was no express agreement (Exparte Coral Investments Pty Ltd., 1979). Receiving a Share in the Profits: It has been mentioned by section 2(3), Partnership Act receiving a share in the profits by a person is a prima facie proof that the person is a partner, however, receiving such share or a payment contingent or varying on the basis of the profit of the business does not by itself mean that such person can be held as a partner in that business. However, the difficulty that is present in interpreting this sub-clause is present in the use of the expression, prima facie, which qualifies the term evidence. Therefore, it appears that the fact of a profit-sharing scheme can be considered as evidence regarding the presence of a partnership, however. This fact alone is not sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that a partnership was present between the parties (Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons, 1979). Another important days related with this issue is that of Cox v Hickman (1880). In this case, B. and J. Smith were trading as partners in the company and t hey faced financial problems. They entered into a deed of arrangement with the creditors. Accordingly, the business and partnership property was assigned to them. They were allowed to continue the business under the new name. The future income of the business was going to be divided among all the creditors. The arrangement also mentioned that when the creditors were paid in full, they would return the business to Smiths. There were two creditors, Fox and Wheatcroft, who were appointed trustees. But Cox did not act as a trustee, and similarly Wheatcroft acted only for a very short period. After Wheatcroft had seized to act the other trustees incurred debts to Hickman. They also gave some bills of exchange that have been drawn on the partnership. Hickman wanted to make Cox and Wheatcroft liable for these bills. It was held by the court that Cox and Wheatcroft have not been held out as partners. Similarly, Hickman did not have any knowledge regarding them on the deed of arrangement. Th erefore, Fox and Wheatcroft can deny their liability even if they were entitled to share the profits. The court said that this fact alone was not sufficient to make them partners. While deciding the case, the court stated that the arrangement according to which future profits were going to be applied to pay the old debts, and the creditors wanting to give up the right be paid from the capital, does not appear to amount to a partnership of the third parties, who are not aware of the deed. Person sharing Net Profits: Hence, the court stated that the person who shares the net profits of the business can be called a partner but this is not true in all the cases. It may be significant to consider in what sense the term 'sharing the profits' has been used. For example, in this case, the court had doubts if the creditors, who only obtained payment of a debt by being paid the exact amount of the debt from the profits of the business, can be considered to share the profits. In this case, the property of the business has been assigned to the trustees for carrying on the business and to divide the net profits among all the creditors, not only the creditors who had signed the deed, until the debt has been paid and if by receiving rateable proportion from the profits, can be considered as a partner. In the opinion of the court, this was not the case. In view of the above mentioned opinion of the Court, this is considered as the general rule. Partnership Act provides in section 2(3) (a) to (e) the five cases in which this presumption is not available. Therefore the law provides that the receipt of a debt are the liquidated demand by a person from the growing profits of the business does not in itself make the person partner in the business and liable. The rule is based on the judgment given in Cox v Hickman (1860). However, the law provides that if circumstances are present, which revealed that the relationship was really a partnership, the lender can be treated as a partner irrespective of their stated intentions (Re Ruddock, 1879). Another example that can be given in this regard is that of Badeley v Consolidated Bank (1888). In this case, the lender (plaintiff) had given money to the borrower and the security over the plant that was owned by the borrower. Moreover, the lender was going to receive interest and also to share out of the net profits. It was also agreed by the borrower that the loan money will be applied to carrying out the work related with the business. And similarly a right has been provided to the lender to enter the property in case the borrower becomes bankrupt. In its decision, the Court of Appeal had stressed upon the need to ascertained the 'real agreement' that has been concluded between the parties. The court stated that merely sharing of the prophet is not sufficient in order to infer a partnership. In this case, the court said that the real truth had been expressed by the formal document that was signed by the parties. Hence it was a contract of loan upon security. The lender did not p articipate in the loss, if any of the business. Conclusion: Therefore, in the presentation can be said that Violet is a partner in the business running the Busy Bee Florist Shop even if it has been mentioned in the event that the lender (Violet) is not to be treated as a partner of the business. On the other hand, Sonny cannot be held as a partner because the law provides that the receipt of a share of the profits of the business can be prima facie evidence that such person is a partner but this fact alone does not make the person as a partner in the business. The law provides that the contract for the remuneration of a servant or agent by a share of the profits does not in itself make such servant or agent as a partner in the business and therefore liable for the debts of the business as a partner. On these grounds, it can be concluded that while Violet can be held liable as a partner of the business and Friendly Bank can recover the amount, but Sonny cannot be treated as a partner and therefore is not liable to Friendly Bank regarding the debt of Busy Bee Florist Shop. References Badeley v Consolidated Bank (1888) 38 Ch D 238 Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd Anor v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) 131 CLR 321 Cox v Hickman (1880) 8 HL Cas 268 Exparte Coral Investments Pty Ltd [1979] Qd R 292 Re Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR 51 (IP M) 51 Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 Stekel v Ellice [1973] 1 WLR 191 Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 22 SASR 552 Wiltshire v Kuenzli (1945) 63 WN 47

Friday, May 1, 2020

Risk Hospitality Operation

Question : Discss about the Facility and Risk Hospitality Operation ? Answer : Introduction Risk is present everywhere in those places where the competition is present in the market. It has been seen that in last few years, the hotel industry is also in the influence of the risk. The hotel industry is also facing the down fall in terms of business because of recession in the economy of world. There are many factors such as terrorist attack and natural environmental risks, which affect the business operations of hotel industry. Risk is the important feature in the hospitality. There can be various risks while operating the business in the hospitality industry. In other words, it can be said that risk can be related to all the operating terms in the industry such as risk to human assets, and risk to financial assets (Kim, Lee, Ham, 2013). Figure 1: Various Risks (Source: Kim, Lee, Ham, 2013) Based on the research of different authors on the different catagories of risk, it is clear that there are various catagories of risk available in the hospitality industry. This report is basically focused on the notion of the risk associated with the hospitality industry. Along with this, the report will also focus on the venue risk analysis based on the previous assignment. For the venue risk analysis, the hotel Grand Roxy will be taken. Part 1 The notion of risk Risk can be described as the combination of the consequences with the expected events. Basically, there are consequences and hurdles that can be threats for the success of any industry. There are various risks that can take place in the hotel industries. There are many researches who gave different alternatives about the risk based on their readings and researches. For example, the finance researchers see the risk based on financial perspective; examine the risk in terms of profit and the sources of government focus on the risk based on safety point of view. Based on the various points of studies, the risk can be categorized in the different sectors. Basically, researchers have divided the risk into four categories i.e. risk to financial assets, risk to physical assets, risk to human assets and risk to non-physical assets (Carlino, 2014). Figure 2: Risks in Hotel Industry (Source: IDA, 2010) Risk to financial assets Financial assets are important for the business activities in the organization as they show the monetary value of the services provided by hospitality sector. Financial asset in the hospitality industry can be described as the cash which is given by the customers for the provided services in the hotel. Basically, financial assets are the kind of contractual right to receive the cash from another entity such as guest and the customers and the agreement to pay for the services used. From the definitions, it is clear that hospitality industry should have fair understanding of financial assets in the business. Risk in the financial assets can be theft, and fraud. Along with this, there can be multifarious risk such as foreign exchange rate, interest rate, and broken contracts. Profitability can also be an issue in the financial assets risk (Chan, Lam, 2013). Risk to physical asset Another category of risk is risk in physical asset. The physical asset in the hospitality industry includes vehicle, building and equipments, gardens and pools, fixtures furnishing and fittings, stock and documents, ride and games, and property of shareholders in the company such as member, guests and staff. Risk in this category can take place due to the various resources such as lack of training and mishandling of equipments. There can be theft and misuse of the things in this category. If there is unmanaged garden and premises, there will be the risk of damage to the people or other physical assets (Aven, 2012). Risk to human assets Human assets include the name of various shareholders with the hospitality industry. Basically, human assets include customers, guests, visitors, members, owners, sub-contractors, staff member, management and the members of the community in which the enterprise is operating. The human assets should be managed carefully by the hotels. The human asset need more care. The risk of human asset in the enterprise can be very costly to handle. Management of the hotel needs to work for long time to overcome from this risk. Along with this, during the recovery from this risk, there is the need to compensate by the management. To overcome from human assets risk, there can be large settlements, legal cost, and loss of business due to damage (Bharwani Mathews, 2012). Risk to non-physical assets The last category of risk is non-physical assets risk in the hospitality industry. As the name of this asset, these are intangible category assets so it is difficult to manage the non-physical assets. Management of the enterprise should focus on the different elements of the assets. Non-physical assets of the enterprise include workforce motivation, copyrights, computer programs, intellectual capital, brand name, brand image, patents, intellectual property, company reputation and customer relations. There are many managers who are unaware of non-physical asset in the enterprise. To protect the enterprise from this type of risk, it is important to create awareness about the risk among the managers. By creating the awareness, enterprise will be able to overcome from the damage of the risk (Herrero, Martin, 2012). Importance of risk management process in the hospitality industry It is clear from the above stated risk that it can be dangerous for every organization. There is the need to manage the risk effectively in the hospitality industry. It is necessary to identify the risk and then it must be evaluated by the management of the enterprise. Risk management is the important part of the strategic management in the organization. It is the process by which the enterprise identifies and addresses the risks with their outcomes (Mundt, 2008). The main aim of the risk management is to identify and treatment of the risk. The objective of the risk management is to maintain the sustainable value of the enterprise in the industry. Along with this, it is also helpful in increasing the profitability of the enterprise. The process of risk management must include effective policy and program. Step by step planning will be helpful to overcome from all the risks associated with the operations in the hotel industry (Grace, Leverty, Philips Shimpi, 2015). Figure 3: Risk Management Process (Source: Tang, 2006) In the above figure, the risk management process is described. Risk in the enterprise is discovered by the management, member or staff. Management then should evaluate the risk and make the decision to overcome form the risks. The management has to accept the risk and has to prevent the enterprise from those risks (Tang, 2006). Part 2 Risk ranking system To get the value and appreciation for the risk management system form all the stakeholders in the enterprise, the management has to take strategic decisions. In order to implement the successful risk management process in the organization, it is important to measure the range of risk (Rittichainuwat, 2013). By the measurement, management will be aware about the potential risk in the industry. According to Kohr, risk ranking is the crucial part in the risk management process and this can be divided into three parts. These three functional parts are interrelated and help to classify the risk based on the ranking (Israeli, 2007). Those functional areas are frequency, cost and severity. Along with this, there is the concept of Risk factor value in which the risk will be ranked based on the cases of accidents. In the risk ranking system, there are two types of ranking based on measurements i.e. reversed ranking and uninformative ranking. Reversed ranking includes those cases which have hi ghly rated risk and on the other hand uninformative ranking includes those cases in which all the small and big risks are associated and have severity ranking (Aven, 2009). Venue Risk Analysis (VRA) form There can be various risks in a hospitality industry such as operational risk, political risk, and market risk. To identify and analyze the risk in the industry is very important. In this report, the risk assessment will be done with the venue risk analysis form. For the discussion, hotel Grand Roxy will be taken. The venue risk analysis is focused on Grand Roxy receptionist that is situated in Brighton-Le-Sands near Sydeny International and Domestic Airports. Having the grand size, the hotel can serve about three hundred guests. In this report, all probable risk will be analyzed effectively. In terms of design, the location of Grand Roxy is the subject to criticism because the location of the hotel is near the beach which is the subject to additional cost of repairing. The Grand Roxy is used for various occasions, business parties and meetings. There can be various risks during the business meetings and occasions such as fire, electricity, fall from height, slip, strips and falls, l easers, smokes and fogs, glazing and mirrors, gas, High temperatures, and violence (DeMicco, 2007). First of all, the risk will be identified that are to be managed by the risk management system. After that the risk rating will be set in terms of numbers. The risk will be numbered on the basis of the frequency. The format of the risk rating is given below: Risk Rating Hazard (Severity) Value Risk (Likelihood) Negligible 1 Unlikely Slight 2 Possible Moderate 3 Quite Possible Severe 4 Likely Very Severe 5 Very Likely On the basis of this criterion, the risk will be numbered so that the most harmful risk can be identified. By the risk rating, the hotel will be able to overcome from those risks that affect the business operation in the industry (Kim, Farrish Schrier, 2013). The identified risk and the venue risk analysis form are described below: SIGNIFICANT HAZARDS IDENTIFIED PERSONS AT RISK RISK RATING CONTROL MEASURES Hazard x Risk = Risk Level Fire Staff and public may be at risk seriously, possibly serious burn, injuries from smoke breathing, structural crumple. 4 3 12 Management should constant check the equipments to make sure all controls in fire risk. Electricity Due to electric shock or burns public and staff may be suffered; injuries can be happened because of faulty electrical installation or equipments. 5 4 20 All the electrical equipments should by a component person in a planned inspection programme; staff should be trained to check the damaged cable, and to check defective equipment. Falls from heights Employees or staff members may suffer more, injuries if they fall from height, For instance, staff doing cleaning or maintenance, or fixing of lights, they may fall from ladders, there may be serious injury if they struck by the glasses during fall. 5 4 20 Ladders should b e suitable; daily inspected, and should be used for light work and for short duration. The work in the height should be done by the contractor or by trained staff. For the lighting work, authorized staff should be hired. Slip, strips and falls Staff and guest may suffer serious, can face serious injury such as fractures if they fall from the stairs. 3 2 6 All the carpet should be firmly secured, there should be good housekeeping, electric cables should be managed properly, and there should be proper lighting especially on stairs. Leasers There may be the risk of eye damage of staff and guests if they use it improperly. 4 3 12 This should not be used without proper permission and licensing. Smokes and fogs Employees may suffer from skin damage while handling dry ice. Fumes and fog can be the cause of irritation in eyes, nose and breathing. 4 3 12 Only trained worker should access those products, these products should be kept in safe and secured places such as locked containers. Glazing and mirrors Staff and guest may suffer from serious injury from impact of mirrors and windows that are not plain. 5 4 20 Marking should be done where the glass is evident, there should be no mirror where might be the risk of confusion. Gas Staff, employees and others have risk of injury from the fire if not properly maintained and used. 4 3 12 The boiler should be checked and serviced annually by a Gas safe registered engineer; staff should be trained for the rescue process. High Temperature Dehydration and fainting may be happened to staff and guests due to high temperature. 5 4 20 There should be proper ventilation for the supply of fresh air, there should be air conditioning in hot weather. Violence Staff and public may face serious risk and injury, if caught up in the fight. 4 5 20 Staff should be trained to stop the trouble makers, CCTV system should be placed properly, overcrowd should not allowed in the hotel. Hazard Value x Risk Value = Risk Level Ranking of Risk (Risk Level) 1 4 Low Risk 5 15 Medium Risk 16 - 25 High Risk In the above table, the level of risk can be measured. According to the risk rating, the risk which comes under the number of 1 to 4, that is low risk. Further, which risk comes under 5-15, that is medium risk and which risk comes under 16-25, that is high risk. Low risk means the risk can be acceptable, medium risk means the risk is acceptable with sufficient measure control in the place and high risk means the action must be taken on the highest priority to reduce the risk. Based on the above Value risk analysis form, it has been observed that in the Grand Roxy, the risk has been categorized according to the risk level. It can be seen that the risk of fire, Slip, strips and falls, Leasers, Smokes and fogs, Gas are the medium risks which are acceptable by some control. Electricity, Falls from heights, Violence, High Temperature, and Glazing and mirrors are high risk because they can be the cause of sudden death or can harm badly (Herrero Martin, 2012). Recommendations There are some recommendations to implement the risk management process and overcome from the risk in hotel industry. The recommendations are: Hotel should focus on their risk management process to deal with the risk of different catagories. There should be effective strategies to prevent from the risk. Industry should create the right culture for the employees. Right culture will motivate the employees to overcome from the risks. Along with this, company should clarify the roles and responsibilities of the employees so that they dont face risk in future. Company should recognize the limitation of risk assessments by identifying risk in the business. Conclusion This report has been discussed on the notion of the risk associated with the hospitality industry. Along with this, the report has been focusing on the venue risk analysis based on the previous assignment. From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that there are many factors such as terrorist attack and natural environmental risks, which affect the business operations of hotel industry. There are various risks that can take place in the hotel industries. So, risk can be divided into four categories i.e. risk to financial assets, risk to physical assets, risk to human assets and risk to non-physical assets. Thus, Management should evaluate the risk and make the decision to overcome form the risks. For the evaluation and assessment of the risk, the Value risk analysis form has been given in the report. There can be various risks during the business meetings and occasions such as fire, electricity, fall from height, slip, strips and falls, leasers, smokes and fogs, glazing and mir rors, gas, High temperatures, and violence. For the ranking of risk, the numbers to the risk has been given. The risk which comes under 1 to 4 is low risk. Further, which risk comes under 5-15, that is medium risk and which risk comes under 16-25, that is high risk. So, it is concluded that risk management is very important for the success of the hotel industry. 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